Formula toluene: ihe bụ toluene, na-esi ya?

Arena, nke na-agụnye toluene, nwere ike na-ewere dị ka nkwekọrịta nke nchoputa na mbụ so nke homologous usoro - benzene. The n'ozuzu usoro nke ogige nke dịịrị klas a, a - C _n H _2n-6. Na ụmụ irighiri nke aromatic hydrocarbons ẹdude benzene mgbanaka (mgbanaka isi). Formula toluene C ₇ H ₈ egosipụta bekee nke a nnukwu ìgwè nke organic ogige. Ọtụtụ n'ime toluene mara n'okpuru a dị iche iche aha - methylbenzene. The umi aghọwo ebe nile na ụlọ ọrụ, ọ na-eji dị ka organic mgbaze, na Unyi remover ọzọ na nzube.

Gịnị bụ toluene?

Otu ihe dị mkpa arenes - toluene - bụ a methyl emepụta nke benzene. The mmiri-unyi anaghị agbasa na colorless mmiri mmiri nwere a ụtọ isi reminiscent nke akọwa, lacquers, solvents.

Chemical usoro toluene - C ₇ H ₈ - nwere ike e dere dị iche iche: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. Na nke a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm anọgide n'otu ma iche ịrịba si benzene, nke bụ oké - methyl.

Iji ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ nke nomenclature, onyinye a na-akpọ methylbenzene na fenilmetanom. Nke a bụ otu ihe ahụ toluene, n'ozuzu usoro bụ C ₇ H _8. mbụ bụrụ na ọ na-elekwasị anya na eziokwu na otu hydrogen atọm ndị metụtara na carbon nke benzene mgbanaka bụ nnọchianya site a methyl buu. N'ihi na nke abụọ aha họọrọ a dị iche iche obibia. Ọ na-kweere na methane otu hydrogen na-anọchi a phenyl buu. Nke a urughuru, nke a na tọghatara benzene, na-enye a hydrogen atọm.

molekụla Ọdịdị

The mejupụtara nke organic okwu, esịnede nanị nke carbon na hydrogen atọm, na-egbukepụ toluene usoro. Sharosterzhnevye na olu ụdị inye ihe echiche nke ihe owuwu nke molekul nke compound, dị ka dị iche iche si bekee nke otu homologous usoro. E nwere myirịta dị n'etiti toluene na benzene, nke bụ ọnụnọ nke a mgbanaka nke 6 carbon atọm, na a ala nke sp ² hybridization. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ụzọ atọ ndị a sigma nkekọ na agbata obi ahụ (abụọ carbon atọm na otu hydrogen). Perpendicular mgbanaka emee otu electronic usoro nke fọdụrụ na-abụghị ngwakọ p-orbitals (onye na isii carbon atọm). N'ihi na-aghọ a ịrịba ike na nkwụsi ike nke dum okirikiri, na ya mere na umi toluene. The bughi usoro-agụnye ogige asaa carbon si methyl otu, nke bụ ike Sp ³ hybridization. Ọ jikọtara atọ hydrogen atọm, nke-anọ na njikọ na-emefu a compound na otu carbon na benzene mgbanaka.

Structural usoro methylbenzene

The elektrọn njupụta n'etiti carbon atọm na-etolite na aromatic mgbanaka, a na-ekesa evenly. Na onu na-apụta ìhè Formula benzene, toluene, na ndị ọzọ maara arenes aromaticity (ndị gbaa nke mgbanaka). Ọ na-e kwuru na ọnụnọ nke methyl buu na otu nke carbon atọm na ntọala. Nkwurịta okwu n'etiti niile ahụ na-egosi na dashes. The bughi usoro na nke a na-egosipụta ihe ndị mejupụtara na nkiti atụmatụ nke molekụla Ọdịdị nke okwu.

Simplified toluene usoro - na a mgbanaka n'ime hegzagon ma ọ bụ dashes, bụ a abụọ nkekọ. The methyl otu nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ọ bụla nke isii atọm nuclei, ha na-hà ọ bụla ọzọ. Na mwepu nke usoro a na-oyiyi doro anya. Record anaghị nye ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ndị mejupụtara nke okwu na narị afọ ise tupu nke niile carbon-carbon nkekọ na mgbanaka.

Inweta methylbenzene na laabu na ụlọ ọrụ

Na laabu, na toluene mbụ nwetara n'ime afọ 1835-1938 P. Pelletier na A. Deville. The mbụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na distillation nke pine chịngọm, na nke abụọ ji mee tolu balsam amịpụtara si South American osisi Toluifera na Colombia. Ya mere, e nkịtị aha maka umi - toluene. Ugbu a ọnụ ọgụgụ methylbenzene enye distillation nke mmanụ ala na coal tar, sochiri ọcha. Na coking usoro, toluene wepụrụ si na Coke oven gas. Na njikọ nke styrene ya a tọhapụrụ ka a byproduct nke mmeghachi omume nke benzene na ethylene. Na laabu na ụlọ ọrụ na-anata toluene ekenịmde ụzọ dị iche iche.

1. Dehydrocyclization nke acyclic hydrocarbons. Toluene a kwadebere si heptane na ọnụnọ nke a mkpali na okpomọkụ nke 300 C Celsius.
2. Alkylation nke benzene, nke a na-akpọ Friedel-Crafts mmeghachi omume. Rụrụ na ọnụnọ nke AlCl3 mkpali ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ akpali nke: C ₆ H ₅ -H + Kra ₃ cl = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCl.
3. Mmekọrịta bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ Kra ₃ -Br + -Br + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Ịgwakọta zinc na cresol: C ₆ H ₄ Kra ₃ OH + Zn = C ₆ H ₅ Kra ₃ + ZnO.
5. Nhazi toluenesulfonic acid.

The nkịtị Njirimara nke methylbenzene

Toluene, bughi usoro nke nwere a benzene ntọala, na-egosipụta ahụ Njirimara na-ahụkarị nke aromatic ogige.

1. Uzo colorless mmiri mmiri ink ewepụtarịrị ísì ụtọ.
2. Methylbenzene siri ike na ala okpomọkụ na-amalite-agbazekwa na -93 Celsius C.
3. The esi n'ókè nke toluene bụ 110,63 Celsius C. umi njupụta - 0,8669 g / ml.
4. Methylbenzene Solubility na mmiri na okpomọkụ nke 20 Celsius C - 0,47 g / l. Ezengwenri uka nke umi M (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g / mol.

The chemical Njirimara nke toluene: ọxịdashọn

Njirimara nke arenes kpebisiri ike na ya anụ okirikiri nke isii carbon atọm. Formula toluene - bụ a benzene mgbanaka nke a na-unsaturated chie na methyl buu. Aromatic hydrocarbons site Njirimara yiri alkenes, nke na-ji ihe-mgbakwunye mmeghachi omume. Otú ọ dị, hydrogen atọm na ụmụ irighiri nke benzene na ya homologues nwere ike isonye na nnọchi Jeremaya mere, nke na-ewetara ndị arena na alkanes. Toluene ọzọ bụ reactive karịa benzene. N'ihi na a na-ahụkarị ọxịdashọn mmeghachi omume gị n'ụlọnga.

1. Burning, nke na-esonyere ntọhapụ nke carbon dioxide na guzobe mmiri: C ₇ H ₈ + 9O ₂ = 7CO ₂ + 4H ₂ O.
2. Na mmeghachi omume nke toluene na potassium permanganate oxidizes na methyl iche iche na n'akụkụ yinye molekul na carboxyl umi. Mmeghachi omume nke benzoic acid a nwetara.

Chemical Jeremaya mere toluene aromatic ntọala

1. Bromination, nke na-ekenịmde ke ọnụnọ nke akpali. Halogenated ihe a kpụrụ: C ₇ H ₈ + br ₂ = C ₇ H ₇ br + HBr.
2. methylbenzene Nitration a rụrụ na a ngwakọta nke lekwasị nitric na igirigi ibu sulphuric asịd. The Nitro otu toluene nwere ike ogide Ụlọ na para ọnọdụ. The mmeghachi omume wee dị ka usoro nke electrophilic nnọchi. trinitrotoluene (TNT), na-agbawa agbawa na-kpụrụ na elu okpomọkụ.
3. Hydrogenation nke hydrogen na mkpali na-eduga ná nkwadebe nke dearomatization na methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + 3H ₂ = C ₇ H _14.
4. Chlorination na ike kpo oku ma ọ bụ site na UV radieshon dechara ụdị hexachlorocyclohexane.

ngwa methylbenzene

Toluene na ọtụtụ-eji dị ka a akụrụngwa na organic njikọ. Ọ bụ ihe dị oké mkpa ihe onwunwe na mmepụta nke ọtụtụ bekee. The ojiji nke toluene:

• inweta e ji esiji ákwà;
• n'ichepụta Unyi removers, detergents;
• Imewe nke explosives TNT;
• iji dị ka ihe mgbaze adhesives, ágbá, sịntetik senti na nhicha mmadụ;
• mmepụta nke ágbá maka ewu ọrụ;
• mmepụta maka mbọ;
• pharmaceuticals;
• amụba mmanụ ụgbọala octane;
• organic njikọ benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, benzyl chloride, saccharin, benzyl mmanya na ndị ọzọ bekee;

The toluene omume dị ka ihe ulo oru mgbaze ke akọrọ ihicha ụlọ ọrụ, na-eji na tanning nke akpụkpọ. Ọ bụ a precursor ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmanụ na ngwaahịa, phenol, formaldehyde, pesticides na ndị ọzọ na ogige.

toluene toxicity

Methylbenzene umi bụ ọkụ odachi. The uzuoku-air ngwakọta na-agbawa n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ. Toluene bụ flammable mmiri mmiri. The bughi usoro enye otu echiche nke ndị mejupụtara na Ọdịdị, ma anaghị nwere ozi na mmetụta nke bekee na ahụ mmadụ. Ọ na-achọta na toluene bụ na-egbu egbu, carcinogenic edinam. Di na nwunye methylbenzene mfe banye n'ime site na anụ ahụ, akụkụ okuku ume na usoro, ime ka mgbanwe ndị na-Central ụjọ usoro, iyatesịt nke nkpuchi anụ ahụ, dermatitis. Mgbe kuru vapors nke toluene na ụmụ mmadụ na-egosi lethargy, mara jijiji, mkpọchị ọrụ nke vestibular ngwa. Arụ ọrụ na toluene, ágbá, solvents mkpa iyi roba uwe, juputara ventilet ụlọ ma ọ bụ ka ojiji nke enyeghachi ya okpukpu anọ. Methylbenzene adịghị ike narcotic umi, na-eme ka ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ toluene. Ụdị ndị ọzọ nke na-ezighị ezi mmetụta nke umi:

• anya iyatesịt na nsogbu nke na agba ọhụụ;
• ogologo oge n'ebe nwere ike ime ka ikpe ọnwụ;
• akwa ịta na ọbara na-akpata imeju mmebi, akụrụ necrosis;
• Inhalation nke nnukwu ego nke vepo na-eduga ná dizziness, iro ụra, isi ọwụwa.

ọgwụgwụ

Toluene na-emepụta na nnukwu quantities na Petrochemical osisi ma ọ bụ enwetara ka a site-ngwaahịa Coke osisi. The compound bụ a bara uru akụrụngwa n'ihi nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ organic njikọ eji na ọgwụ ụlọ ọrụ. Gụnyere methylbenzene nke ọtụtụ iche iche nke solvents, nke na-eji na-arụ ọrụ na ágbá. Toluene ezo aka nhazi ọkwa nke na-egbu egbu ogige ka III klas nke odachi. Mgbe na-arụ ọrụ a umi ịta nke Alụlụụ na ikuku ekwesịghị gafere na kpebisiri ịdị ọcha ụkpụrụ. Anyị agaghị ekwe ka ndị njikwa nke toluene ọdịdị oghe akpalikarị, ole na ole, o nwere ike ime ka ihe mgbawa. E nwekwara gburugburu ebe obibi nsogbu ndị metụtara ntọhapụ nke toluene n'ime ikuku:

• site na-ere mmanụ, dị iche iche fuels;
• na agbọpụta ọkụ;
• ọhịa ọkụ;
• iji solvents na ágbá.

The na-egbu egbu Njirimara nke toluene, ọkụ na gbawara mbibi achọ precautionary ọgwụgwọ mmiri mmiri umi na ya Alụlụụ.