Gịnị bụ cytoplasm? Ọdịdị, mejupụtara na Njirimara nke cytoplasm

Gịnị bụ cytoplasm? Gịnị bụ ya Ọdịdị na mejupụtara? Gịnị ọrụ ka ọ na-eme? N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-asịkwa na zuru ezu na ihe niile ajụjụ ndị a. Ke adianade do, anyị ga-bughi atụmatụ nke cytoplasm na ya Njirimara, nakwa dị ka na-ekwu banyere nkewa nke na colloidal solution, Ọdịdị nke cell membranes na cellular organelles oké egwu.

The bughi nkeji nke niile anụ ahụ na mkpụrụ ndụ nke akụkụ. Abụọ na ụdị bughi nzukọ

Ọ maara na mkpụrụ ndụ ga-etolite anụ ahụ nke ihe niile osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ. Ndị a bughi unit nke ihe nile dị ndụ nwere ike iche na udi, size na ọbụna esịtidem Ọdịdị. Ma n'otu oge ha nwere yiri ụkpụrụ na ndụ Filiks, tinyere metabolism, na mmepe, ogwe na mgbanwe. The mfe iche nke ndụ iso nke otu mkpụrụ ndụ na mụta nwa site nkerisi.
Ọkà mmụta sayensị abụọ na ụdị cell Ọdịdị nke nzukọ e ekenyela:

• prokaryotic;
• eukaryotic.

Ha nwere ọtụtụ iche dị na ha mebere atumatu. The prokaryotic cell ahaziri isi na-efu efu. Ya otu chromosome na-emi odude na na cytoplasm, a na-adịghị iche na ndị ọzọ ọcha. Ndị dị otú ahụ a Ọdịdị-ahụkarị bacteria. Ha cytoplasm bụ ogbenye na mejupụtara nke owuwu, ma e nwere obere ribosome. Eukaryotic bụ ihe mgbagwoju karịa prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ. Ya DNA na-metụtara protein bụ na chromosomes, nke na-dị na a iche iche cell organelles - ntọala. Ọ na-kewapụrụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ organelles nke a porous akpụkpọ ahụ nke a cell na mejupụtara ihe dị ka chromatin, nuklia ihe ọṅụṅụ na nucleolus. O sina dị, e nwere ihe na-ahụkarị na abụọ na ụdị cellular nzukọ. Na prokaryotes na eukaryotes nwere membranes. Na ha esịtidem ọdịnaya ọkọnọ pụrụ iche colloidal solution, bụ nke nwere dị iche iche organelles na-adịru nwa ebighị.

Eukaryotic cell: na cytoplasm. Ya mejupụtara na ọrụ

Ya mere, anyị na-aga n'obi anyị nnyocha. Gịnị bụ cytoplasm? Ka anyị tụlee n'ụzọ sara mbara karị nke a cell guzobere. The cytoplasm bụ a paramount akụrụngwa mkpụrụ ndụ n'agbata isi na plasma akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọkara mmiri mmiri, ọ na-permeated site tubules, microtubules, microfilaments na filaments. Ọzọkwa n'okpuru cytoplasm pụrụ ịghọta colloidal ngwọta nke e ji site ije nke colloidal ahụ na ndị ọzọ na mmiri. Na nke a ọkara ajụ esịnede mmiri dị iche iche organic na inorganic ogige, ndokwa cell akụkụ, organelles, nakwa dị ka nwa oge ebighị. The kasị mkpa ọrụ bụ cytoplasm. Ọ na-eburu si ndebanye nke niile cellular mmiri na a otu usoro. N'ihi na tubules na microtubules cytoplasm nke cell arụ ọrụ nke ọkpụkpụ ma na-enye ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi maka n'ahụ na Biochemical Filiks. Ke adianade do, ọ na-enye ohere maka ihe nile nke cell organelles ma na-enye ije. Atụmatụ ndị a bụ cell cytoplasm dị oké mkpa, dị ka ha na-ekwe bughi unit nke ihe nile dị ndụ na-ebu ha nkịtị ọrụ. Ugbu a na ị maara ihe ndị cytoplasm. Ka maara nke ọma ihe ụdị itie ke cell na ihe ọ na-ewe "ọrụ" nalu. Next anyị na-atụle ihe ndị mejupụtara na Ọdịdị nke colloidal ngwọta na ihe zuru ezu.

È nwere iche dị na cytoplasm osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ?

Membranous organelles, emi odude ke a colloidal solution, atụle Golgi ngwa, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, na elu plastid cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ. Na anụmanụ na osisi sel iche mejupụtara semiliquid ọkara. The cytoplasm na osisi cell nwere ihe pụrụ iche organelles - na plastids. Ha na-a kpọmkwem protein ozu na iche na ọrụ, ụdị na agba pigments dị iche iche na agba. Plastids-emi odude ke cytoplasm na-enwe ike ịkwaga na ya. Ha na-eto, proliferate na-emepụta organic ogige nwere enzymes. The cytoplasm nke osisi cell nwere atọ ụdị plastids. Acha ma ọ bụ oroma na-akpọ chromoplasts, green - chloroplasts, na colorless - leucoplasts. E nwere ihe ọzọ e ji mara mma - na Golgi mgbagwoju na-anọchi anya dictyosome gbasasịa ofụri cytoplasm. Na anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ, na iche na osisi, na cytoplasm nke abụọ n'ígwé dị. Elu-akpọ ectoplasm, na n'ime - endoplasma. The mbụ oyi akwa bụ n'akụkụ aka cell akpụkpọ ahụ, na nke abụọ - n'etiti ha bụ porous nuclear akpụkpọ ahụ. Ectoplasm emi esịnede a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke microfilaments - nke na-adị ụmụ irighiri nke globular actin protein. Endoplasm nwere dị iche iche organelles, nsogbu dị iche iche na e ji a ala viscosity.

Hyaloplasm na a eukaryotic cell

Ndabere nke cytoplasm nke eukaryotes bụ a na-akpọ hyaloplasm. Ọ bụ a slimy, colorless, na-abụghị edo ngwọta na nke metabolic Filiks nọgidere ime. Hyaloplasm (ndị ọzọ okwu, matriks) bụ colloidal usoro na a mgbagwoju Ọdịdị. Ya Ọdịdị na-agụnye RNA na soluble edozi, lipids na polysaccharides. Na ka nwere a ịrịba ego hyaloplasm nucleotides, amino asịd, inorganic ion, nakwa dị ka ogige nke ụdị Na ^- ma ọ bụ ca ^2+. The matriks nwere a homogeneous Ọdịdị. Ọ bụ dị na abụọ iche nke na-ezo jel (siri ike) na a Sol (mmiri mmiri). Mutual ikwu n'ụzọ n'etiti ha ime. Na mmiri mmiri na-adọ na e nwere a usoro thinnest protein filaments akpọ mikrotrabekulami. Ha na-eke ihe niile owuwu n'ime cell. Na na ebe ha na-agafe a ìgwè nke ribosomes. Mikrotrabekuly na microtubules na microfilaments etolite a cytoplasmic ọkpụkpụ. Ọ na-akọwa na-achịkwakwa ọnọdụ nke niile cell organelles.

Organic na inorganic bekee na colloidal ngwọta mkpụrụ ndụ

Ka anyị lee ihe bụ chemical mejupụtara nke cytoplasm? Bekee ẹdude ke cell nwere ike nkewa ìgwè abụọ na - organic na inorganic. First adade ke edozi, carbohydrates, abụba na nucleic asịd. Carbohydrates na-adade ke cytoplasm nke mono-, di- na polysaccharides. Site monosaccharides, colorless kristal, na-emekarị ụtọ uto gụnyere fructose, glucose, ribose na dị ka. D. Large ụmụ irighiri polysaccharides iso nke monosaccharide. Na cell, ha na-anọchi anya ya starch, glycogen na cellulose. Lipids, i.e. abụba ụmụ irighiri, guzobere residues nke glycerol na ọdụdụ asịd. cytoplasm Structure: inorganic bekee na-n'ihu isi mmiri, nke na-emekarị ana 90% site na ibu ibu. Ọ rụrụ na cytoplasm of mkpa ọrụ. Mmiri bụ na eluigwe na ala mgbaze, na-enye ekwedo, bụ ozugbo idem ke ije nke bekee, ma n'ime na n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ. Banyere nnukwu na-etolite ndabere nke biopolymers, ihe karịrị 98% nke ngụkọta mejupụtara ji site cytoplasmic oxygen, hydrogen, carbon na nitrogen. E wezụga ha, cell nwere sodium, calcium, sọlfọ, magnesium, chlorine na ndị ọzọ. The ịnweta salts bụ ugbu ka anions na cations, nke ruru ekpebi ha acidity.

Njirimara nke colloidal ngwọta na cell

Tụlee ihe ọzọ, ihe bụ isi atụmatụ nke cytoplasm. Firstly, ọ bụ a mgbe nile cyclosis. Ọ bụ ihe na intracellular cytoplasm ije. Ya na nke mbụ e dere na kọwara na narị afọ nke 18, ndị Italian ọkà mmụta sayensị Corti. Cyclosis rụrụ ofụri cytoplasm, gụnyere na tyazhah ejikọta cytoplasm ka ntọala. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ngagharị n'ihi ihe ụfọdụ na-akwụsị - anwụ eukaryotic cell. The cytoplasm bụ bụchaghị na mgbe nile cyclosis, nke na-ahụrụ site ije nke organelles. The ọsọ nke ngagharị nke matriks na-adabere n'ihe dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ìhè na okpomọkụ. Ka ihe atụ, na epidermis nke yabasị akpịrịkpa cyclosis ọsọ bụ banyere 6 m / s. cytoplasm ije na osisi ahu nwere ezigbo mmetụta na ya na mmepe, na-akwalite iga nke bekee n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ. Nke abụọ dị mkpa ihe onwunwe bụ viscosity nke colloidal ngwọta. Ọ dịgasị ukwuu dabere na ụdị nke organism. Ụfọdụ ndụ cytoplasm viscosity bụ naanị ubé ukwuu karịa ndị viscosity nke mmiri, ndị ọzọ, na Kama nke ahụ, na-enweta na-viscosity nke glycerine. Ọ na-kweere na ọ bụ dabere na metabolism. The kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ mgbanwe etịbe, na ala ndị viscosity nke colloidal ngwọta. Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa mma bụ semipermeable. The cytoplasm ya mejupụtara nwere a na ịmachi akpụkpọ ahụ. Ha bụ n'ihi a pụrụ iche structurally, nwere ikike bibiri rue ụmụ irighiri nke ụfọdụ bekee na ọ bụghị uche nke ọzọ. Nhọrọ permeability nke cytoplasm ekere òkè dị mkpa na usoro nke ndụ. Ọ bụghị mgbe nile ná ndụ, na-agbanwe agbanwe na na afọ na-abawanye na osisi ntule na-amụba ìhè siri na okpomọkụ. O siri ike overestimate mkpa nke cytoplasm. Ọ bụ idem ke ume metabolism, iga nke nri, excretion exotoxins. Ọ na-atụle ihe osmotic mgbochi matriks na-agụnye ụkpụrụ nke otito Filiks, ibu na cell nkewa. Gụnyere cytoplasm ekere òkè dị mkpa na DNA replication.

Akụkụ nke cell nkewa

All osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ ba uba site nkerisi. E nwere atọ mara ụdị - anọ, kpọmkwem na mbenata. The mbụ a na-akpọ amitosis. Anọ multiplication emee dị ka ndị a. Ná mmalite, "pereshnurovyvaetsya" isi, mgbe ahụ, nkewa nke cytoplasm emee. N'ihi ya, abụọ mkpụrụ ndụ na-guzobere, nke nta nke nta na-eto eto na size nke nne na nna. Nke a na ụdị nkewa anụmanụ bụ nnọọ obere. A, ha ime anọ nkewa, ie mitosis. Ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike amitosis na ji na na e nwere mụbara nsụchi ntọala na ibawanye ego nke DNA. Mitosis nwere anọ n'ụzọ, nke a na-akpọ - prophase, metaphase, anaphase na telophase.

• Akụkụ nke mbụ e ji guzobe nke eriri igwe chromatin uzo na ntọala, chromosome na ekemende dị ka "studs". Na oge a na e nwere a ndiiche centrioles ka okporo osisi na-akpụ achromatin spindle.
• Agba nke abụọ nke mitosis ji na na chromosome, na-eru kacha helix amalite ike dị na ụwa n'usoro mkpụrụ ndụ.
• Na-atọ na-adọ gbawara nke chromosomes abụọ chromatids. Na nke a, na spindle eri ịkpụ odụri nwa chromosomes na-abụghị okporo osisi ya.
• Nke-anọ na-adọ nke mitosis emee dispiralizatsiya chromosomes na guzobere a nuclear envelopu gburugburu ha. N'otu oge nkewa nke cytoplasm emee. Anyị nwa cell nwere a diploid set of chromosomes.

Mbelata nkewa peculiar na mmekọahụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Ke ụdị cell multiplication emee guzobe paired chromosomes formations. Ewezụga bụ otu unpaired chromosome. N'ihi ya, Mbelata nkewa abụọ nwa mkpụrụ ndụ na-enweta ọkara nke chromosome set. The etiti bụ naanị otu nwaanyị cell. Sex mkpụrụ ndụ na ọkara nọmba nke chromosomes, tozuru okè na ike nke na njikọta spam, a na-akpọ nwanyi na nwoke gametes.

The echiche nke cytoplasmic akpụkpọ

Na niile na ụmụ anụmanụ, osisi, mkpụrụ ndụ na ọbụna mfe bacteria nwere a pụrụ iche elu unit na-egbochi ma na-echebe matriks si mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi. Cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ (plasmalemma, cell akpụkpọ ahụ, plasma akpụkpọ ahụ) bụ a bibiri permeable oyi akwa nke ụmụ irighiri (edozi, phospholipids), nke na-ekpuchi cytoplasm. Ọ mejupụtara atọ subsystems:

• plasma akpụkpọ ahụ;
• nadmembranny mgbagwoju;
• submembranny nweekwa hyaloplasm contractile ngwa.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ bụ na: ọ mejupụtara abụọ n'ígwé nke lipid ụmụ irighiri (bilayer), onye ọ bụla dị otú ahụ molekul nwere a ọdụ na a n'isi. Ọdụ n'ihu onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Ha na-hydrophobic. Hydrophilic isi na ihu na eyi mkpụrụ ndụ. The bilayer agụnye a protein molekul. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ asymmetrical na dị iche iche lipids mere ndokwa na a monolayer. Ihe atụ, na a eukaryotic cell cholesterol ụmụ irighiri na-hụrụ na n'ime, n'akụkụ aka cytoplasm, akpụkpọ ahụ ọkara. Glycolipids dị nanị na elu oyi akwa, na ha carbohydrate ígwè na-mgbe na-eduzi eyi. Cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ihe dị mkpa na ọrụ gụnyere ịmachi esịtidem ọdịnaya nke cell site na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ na-enye ohere banye ụfọdụ bekee (glucose, amino asịd) n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Plasmalemma anamde nyefe nke bekee n'ime cell, nakwa dị ka ha mmepụta outwards, i.e. nhọrọ. Site na pores abami mmiri, ion na obere molekul bekee, na ntụ ahụ na-ebu n'ime cell site phagocytosis. On n'elu akpụkpọ ahụ forms microvilli invagination na diverticulum, nke ọ bụghị nanị n'ụzọ dị irè nuo ma hapụ bekee, ma na-ekwurịta okwu na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. The akpụkpọ ahụ na-enye ohere na-ekekọta nke "ịdị n'otu nke ihe nile dị ndụ" dị iche iche na-ebupụta na mmemmem ije.

Organelles na cytoplasm nke mejupụtara. Endoplasmic reticulum na ribosomes

Ke adianade hyaloplasm cytoplasm nwere ọtụtụ na microscopic organelles na ndị dị iche iche na Ọdịdị. Ha edidu ke osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-egosi na ha na-arụ oké mkpa ọrụ na mkpa. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ndị a morphological mmụta tụnyere ahụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ozu anụmanụ, nke nyere ohere na-akpọ ha organelles. Na cytoplasm iche anya na a ìhè mikroskopu organelle a platelet mgbagwoju, mitochondria, na centrosome. Site n'enyemaka nke ihe elektrọn microscope na matriks hụrụ microtubules, lysosomes, ribosomes na plasma netwọk. The cytoplasm nke cell na-ịbanye n'akụkụ dị iche iche ọwa, nke na-akpọ "endpolazmaticheskaya netwọk." Ha akpụkpọ ahụ mgbidi dị na kọntaktị na ndị ọzọ nile na organelles na-emekwa otu usoro na-eme ihe ike metabolism, nakwa dị ka ije nke bekee n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbidi ndị a ọwa bụ ribosomes, nke anya dị ka obere chaplet. Ha nwere ike enịm singly ma ọ bụ na dị iche iche. Ribosomes iso nke fọrọ nke nta hà ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ribonucleic asịd na-edozi. Ọzọkwa ya mejupụtara gụnyere magnesium. Ribosomes nwere ike ọ bụghị nanị na-na EPS ọwa, kamakwa free ka na-edina na cytoplasm, na-erukwa na ntọala, ebe ha na-guzobere. A set nke ọwa enwe ribosomes na-akpọ granular endoplasmic reticulum. On ha, ma e wezụga ribosomes na-emi odude enzymes na-eme ka njikọ nke carbohydrates na abụba. Na esịtidem cavities nke cell ọwa bụ n'efu ngwaahịa. Mgbe ụfọdụ extensions EPS kpụrụ vacuoles - cavities jupụtara cell sap na mmachi akpụkpọ ahụ. Ndị a organelles ịnọgide na-enwe turgor nsogbu. Lysosomes bụ obere oval guzobere. Ha na-agbasasịkwa ofụri cytoplasm. Lysosomes ii ke EPS ma ọ bụ ndị Golgi mgbagwoju, ebe jupụtara hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosomes na-iji gbara ahụ n'ime sel dị ka a n'ihi nke phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm: ihe owuwu ma na ọrụ nke ya organelles. Efere Golgi mgbagwoju, mitochondria, na centrosome

Golgi mgbagwoju na-anọchite anya onye osisi sel corpuscles mma membranes, na ụmụ anụmanụ - tubules, egosipụta na tankị. Nke a organoid maka chemical mgbanwe na ụdi ndọrọ ego nke akara n'ime cytoplasm nke cell secretions. Ọ na-rụrụ njikọ nke polysaccharides na glycoproteins guzobere. Mitochondria - nwa ehi bụ mkpanaka ekara, filamentous ma ọ bụ granular ụdị. Ha na-ejedebeghị na abụọ membranes, nke iso nke a abụọ oyi akwa nke phospholipids na-edozi. Si esịtidem membranes ndị a organelles wezuga cristae, mgbidi nke bụ enzymes. Na enyemaka ha, njikọ nke adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ ka "cellular ike osisi" n'ihi na ha na-enye a ịrịba òkè nke adenosine triphosphate. Ọ na-eji site na cell dị ka isi iyi nke chemical ike. Ọzọkwa, mitochondria ịrụ ọzọ ọrụ, gụnyere mgbaàmà transduction, cell ọnwụ, cell iche. Centrosome (na cell center) na-emi esịnede abụọ centrioles, nke na-ndokwa na n'akuku ọ bụla ọzọ. Nke a organelle bụ ugbu a na ihe niile osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ (ma e wezụga praịmarị na ala dịkwa ka usoro), na bụ maka ịmata ihe na-okporo osisi n'oge mitosis. Nkerisi cell mbụ kewara centrosome. Nke a Nleta achromatin spindle nke akowa chromosomes Nkuzi Nnabata dịgasị iche n'ebe okporo osisi ya. Ọzọkwa gosiri na cell organelles na organelle nwere ike pụrụ iche, dị ka cilia na flagella. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ nkebi nke ndụ ya nwere ike ịbụ na Nsonye, ya bụ, mmewere nke oge. Dị ka ihe atụ, nri ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ụmụ irighiri mmiri nke abụba, protein, starch, glycogen, wdg ...

Lymphocytes - isi mkpụrụ ndụ nke dịghịzi usoro

Lymphocytes - bụ mkpa mkpụrụ ndụ nke na ìgwè nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha nke ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ na-ekere òkè na immunological Jeremaya mere. Ha na-ekewa site size na bughi e ji mara atọ subgroups:

• obere - erughị 8 microns n'obosara;
• ajụ - dayameta nke 8 na 11 microns;
• elu - karịrị 11 microns n'obosara.

Obere lymphocytes ebukarịghị n'ime ọbara nke ụmụ anụmanụ. Ha nwere nnukwu ntọala gburugburu, na-emeri olu nke cytoplasm. The cytoplasm nke lymphocytes na a subgroup anya dị ka a nuclear rim ma ọ bụ mma owuwe ihe ubi, n'akụkụ a n'akụkụ nke isi. Ọtụtụ mgbe na matriks nwere ọtụtụ azurophilic nsogbu dị iche iche nke obere size. Mitochondria, efere na ihe nke mgbagwoju na EPS tubules dị ole na ole na-emi odude nso nuclear oghere. Ọkara na nnukwu lymphocytes na-ndokwa dịtụ dị iche iche. Ha nuclei bụ agwa ekara nwere ntakiri ego nke condensed chromatin. Ha bụ ndị mfe ịmata ihe dị iche nucleolus. Cytoplasmic lymphocytes abụọ na nke atọ dị iche iche nwere a wider rim. Abụọ mara klas nke lymphocytes, a na-akpọ B- na T-lymphocytes. First guzobere ụmụ anụmanụ na mielovidnoy ụmị ọkpụkpụ. Ndị a na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwere ike na-etolite immunoglobulins. Na enyemaka ha B lymphocytes emekọ abụkwara, na-aghọta na nke ikpeazụ. T-lymphocytes sitere si ụmị ọkpụkpụ mkpụrụ ndụ na thymus (ya Mpekere cortical akụkụ). Ndị a bụ ndị cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ n'elu histocompatibility abụkwara, nakwa dị ka ọtụtụ na-anabata ya site nke ude nke mba ọzọ ahụ. Obere lymphocytes tumadi ọkọnọ T-lymphocytes (70%), otu nke e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ogologo biri mkpụrụ ndụ. Ihe ka nnọọ ọtụtụ nke B-lymphocytes bụ adịte - bụla si otu izu iji a ọnwa.

Anyị na-atụ anyị isiokwu a na-enye aka, na ugbu a na ị maara ihe ndị cytoplasm, na hyaloplasm plazmelemma. Ka maara nke ọma, ihe bụ ọrụ, Ọdịdị na uru maka ndụ nke ahụ nke cell owuwu.