France na World War II. The capitulation nke France na World War II

XX narị afọ na ụwa akụkọ ihe mere eme ka ndị ji dị mkpa nchoputa na ubi nke nkà na ụzụ na nkà, ma n'otu oge ahụ na ọ bụ agha ụwa abụọ ahụ gburu ọtụtụ nde ndị mmadụ na ọtụtụ mba nke ụwa. A bụrụkwa òkè ná mmeri egwuri site mba ndị dị ka USA, na USSR, Britain na France. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ha meriri ụwa fasizim. France manyere isorinda, ma mgbe ahụ gbakee wee na-agha megide Germany na ya jikọrọ aka.

France tupu agha

Ke akpatre tupu agha afọ, France nọ na-enwe oké aku isi ike. Mgbe na n'isi nke ala bụ Popular Front. Otú ọ dị, mgbe arụkwaghịm nke ọchịchị ọhụrụ gawa site Blum Chautemps. Ya iwu nọ na-amalite pụọ Popular Front mmemme. Mụbara ụtụ isi, anyị na-kagburu 40-hour arụ ọrụ izu, na-emepụta ohere dịkwuo oge nke ikpeazụ. Ozugbo gafee mba kpochapụ iku ije, Otú ọ dị, ka pacify disgruntled ọchịchị zigara uwe ojii squads. France tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ mere mgbochi na-elekọta mmadụ iwu na ụbọchị ọ bụla nwere obere nkwado n'etiti ndị mmadụ.

Site n'oge a, ọ kpụrụ a agha-na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bloc "Axis Berlin - Rome." March 11, 1938 Germany na-emepụta na mbuso agha nke ala Austria. Ụbọchị abụọ gasịrị, ya mere Anschluss. Ihe omume a gbanwere nnọọ ọnọdụ na Europe. N'elu Old World na-egwu, na karịsịa nke a metụtara UK na France. Ndị bi na nke France choro ndị ọchịchị bụrụkwa ihe megide Germany, karịsịa dị ka ndị Soviet Union na-egosipụta echiche ndị dị otú ahụ, na-isonyere ndị agha na idogbu inweta ike nke fasizim ke nwa osisi. Ma, ndị ọchịchị ka nọgidere na-agbaso t. N. "Pacification", kwere na ọ bụrụ na ị na-enye Germany niile ọ na-ajụ, agha nwere ike izere.

Popular Front maka ikike nke gbazee tupu anyị anya. Enweghị ike ịnagide nsogbu akụ na ụba, Chautemps gbara arụkwaghịm. Mgbe nke a chọpụtara nke abụọ ọchịchị nke Blum, kere na-erughị otu ọnwa tupu ọzọ ya ezumike nká.

Daladier ọchịchị

France n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ nwere ike na-ada na ibe-ya, ihe priglyadnom ụwa, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị n'ihi na ụfọdụ ndị ọhụrụ onyeisi oche nke Council nke Ozi Eduarda Dalade.

The ọchịchị ọhụrụ e guzobere nanị si kwuo uche na nri-nku agha, na-enweghị ndị Kọmunist na Nazi, o ntuli aka Daladier mkpa nkwado nke abụọ ikpeazụ. Ya mere, ọ depụtara ọrụ ya dị ka a usoro nke omume nke Popular Front, n'ihi na na-akwado ọchịchị Kọmunist na Nazi. Otú ọ dị, ozugbo mbata nke niile mgbanwe n'ike.

The nzọụkwụ ndị mbụ na-na-iji na "aku mgbake." ụtụ isi na rụrụ ọzọ mweda, nke mechara nyere ya na-ezighị ezi mkpụrụ osisi na ụba. Ma nke a abụghị ihe kacha mkpa na-arụ ọrụ nke Daladier na oge. Mba ọzọ amụma na Europe n'oge ahụ bụ na ịgba - a icheku ọkụ, na agha ahụ ga-amalite. France na World War II achọghị họrọ n'akụkụ defeatists. Domestically, e nwere ndị a ole na ole echiche: ụfọdụ chọrọ nso n'otu Britain na United States; ndị ọzọ na-achị si ekwe omume nke njikọ aka na Soviet Union; ndị ọzọ nọ na-ike-emegide Popular Front, na-akpọsa slogan "Mma Hitler karịa Popular Front". E wezụga n'elu e nwere pro-German okirikiri nke bourgeoisie, bụ onye kweere na ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-aga nke ọma na mmeri n'elu Germany, a mgbanwe nke ga-abịa na ndị Soviet Union na Western Europe, ga-egbughị onye ọ bụla. Ha na-awa ọ bụla o kwere omume ụzọ placate Germany, na-enye ya a free n'aka na East.

A na nwa ntụpọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke French diplomacy

Mgbe ihe dị mfe njikọ nke Austria, Germany enwekwu ya agụụ. Ugbu a, ọ gbutuo na Sudetenland n'ógbè Czechoslovakia. Hitler mere hụ na mmadụ bi tumadi site Germany region aghọwo ọgụ ka obodo kwụụrụ na n'ezie nkewa nke Czechoslovakia. Mgbe ndị ọchịchị nke mba nyere definitive rebuff ka onye fasizim antics, Hitler malitere ime ihe ọrụ nke nzọpụta "infringes" Germany. Ọ na-egwu ndị ọchịchị nke Benes, nke ahụ nwere ike tinye ndị agha ma na-region site na ike. N'aka nke ya, France na UK akwado okwu Czechoslovakia, na Soviet Union na-chọrọ a n'ezie agha enyemaka bụrụ na nke mkpesa Benes na League of Nations na ihe ukara arịrịọ maka enyemaka na Soviet Union. Benes nwekwara ike ime ka a nzọụkwụ na-enweghị French na British, na-achọghị ka okwu Hitler. Soro mgbe na mba diplomatic ihe ike nke ukwuu belata ọnwụ nke France na World War II, nke bụ na-eru nso, ma ndị mere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nyere iwu dị iche iche, nwee ume isi onye fasizim ọtụtụ ugboro agha ụlọ mmepụta ihe na Czechoslovakia.

September 28, 1938 na Munich, ẹkenịmde a ogbako na France, England, Italy na Germany. Ebe a akara aka nke Czechoslovakia, ọ dịghịkwa Czechoslovakia ma ọ bụ Soviet Union, kwupụtara na a chọrọ inyere ya aka, na-adịghị òkù. N'ihi ya, na-esote ụbọchị, Mussolini, Hitler, Chamberlain na Daladier bịanyere aka ogbugba ndu nke Munich Agreement, nke Sudetenland ugbu a bụ ókèala Germany, na ebe-adịkwaghị na Hungary, na okporo osisi ndị na-na-iche Czechoslovakia na-aghọ ala aha na-ekwu.

Daladier na Chamberlain ekwe nkwa na inviolability nke ala nke ụwa ọhụrụ na na Europe "ọgbọ" na-laghachi n'ụlọ dị ka mba dike.

Ihu ọma, ọ bụ, ya mere, na-ekwu okwu, mbụ capitulation nke France na World War II n'ihu isi ocho okwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ.

Mmalite nke World War II na ntinye n'ime France ya

Dị ka atụmatụ nke agha na Poland, na n'isi ụtụtụ nke September 1 1939 , ndị Germany na gafere ókè. Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ! The German agha, na nkwado nke ya ugbo elu ma na-enwe space elu, ozugbo mere ihe n'onwe ya aka ha na ngwa ngwa were Polish ókèala.

France na World War II, nakwa dị ka England kwuru agha Germany n'ime nanị ụbọchị abụọ nke nọ n'ọrụ ọgụ omume - September 3, ka na-enwe olileanya dajụọ mmụọ ma ọ bụ "obi jụrụ" Hitler. N'ezie, akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere ihe na kweere na ọ bụrụ na e nweghị nkwekọrịta, dị ka nke na isi chi nke Poland mgbe Agha Ụwa m bụ France, ụgwọ na ikpe nke na-emeghe mbuso agha megide okporo osisi na-ewetara ya agha na agha support, dịcha, ọ dịghị nkwupụta nke agha esoghị ma ụbọchị abụọ, ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị.

Phony agha, ma ọ bụ Olee France bụghị na-alụ agha na-alụ ọgụ

French na-ekere òkè Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ nwere ike kere n'ime ọtụtụ nkebi. The mbụ a na-akpọ "phony War." Ọ dịgidere banyere 9 ọnwa - si September 1939 na May 1940. Aha ya bụ na ọ n'ihi na oge agha France na Britain megide Germany na-arụpụta adịghị ọgụ. E. Agha e kwuru, ma ọ dịghị onye agha. Nkwekọrịta n'okpuru nke France dị mkpa 15 ụbọchị iji hazie iwe megide Germany ahụ emezughị. The German agha na-eji nwayọọ "ọfiọkde" na Poland, enweghị banyere ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ala, ebe ọ narutu dị nnọọ 23 Division megide 110 French na English, nke nwere ike n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na-agbanwe n'ezie ihe omume na mmalite nke agha na-etinye Germany na a siri ike ọnọdụ, ma ọ bụrụ na-eme ka ya mmeri. Ka ọ dịgodị, na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Poland, Germany enweghị ama ya aka, bụ onye na-enyere Devid aka - na Soviet Union. Stalin, enweghị na-eche maka otu na Britain na France, kee ya agbụ na Germany, iji nwetara ala-ha ruo oge ụfọdụ si mmalite nke ndị Nazi, nke bụ nnọọ ihe ezi uche. Ma England na France n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na karịsịa na mmalite n'echeghị ezi iju.

The Soviet Union n'oge ahụ nwere ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Poland na Baltic States, Finland ọkọnọ otu iwu ka mgbanwe nke n'ókèala, Karelian Peninsula. Finns na-emegide nke a, mgbe ahụ, Soviet Union gara agha. France na Britain meghachi omume ji iwe nara na nke a, ewepu na Soviet Union si League of Nations, na-akwadebe maka agha ya.

Ezi iju a ọnọdụ: na etiti nke Europe, na ókè-ala nke France, bụ ụwa ocho okwu, egwu dum Europe na, n'elu ihe nile, France onwe ya, na ọ na-ekwu agha na Soviet Union, onye dị chọrọ ka e meere ya n'ókè-ala, na awade mgbanwe nke n'ókèala, ọ bụghị aghụghọ adịgide. Nke a ọnọdụ nọgidere ruo mgbe si Germany na-ata ahụhụ Benelux mba na France. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, akara eccentricities, nke a bụ ihe na agha bụ n'ezie.

N'oge a na mba ...

Ozugbo agha ala nke nnọchibido ke ẹkenam ke France. All etiwapụ na ihe ngosi e iwu, usoro mgbasa ozi bụ isiokwu siri ike nnyocha na oge agha. Na ekele oru mmekọahụ, ụgwọ ọrụ oyi kpọnwụrụ na tupu agha larịị, etiwapụ na iwu, ezumike na-adịghị nyere mkpoghachiazu 40-hour ọrụ izu.

France n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọtụtụ ezi a siri ike iwu na mba, karịsịa banyere PCF (French Communist Party). The Kọmunist na-kwuru ihe fọrọ nke nta outlawed. Malitere ha uka njide. Ndị nnọchiteanya eze A napụrụ ndị ọgụ na-ekpe ya ikpe. Ma njedebe nke "agha megide ocho okwu" bụ a akwụkwọ nke November 18, 1939 - "The iwu-enyo anyị enyo." Dị ka akwụkwọ a, ndị ọchịchị nwere ike ịbanye n'ogige ịta ahụhụ fọrọ nke nta onye ọ bụla, na-ewere ya na enyo na ize ndụ n'ihi na steti na ọha mmadụ. Erughị ọnwa abụọ mgbe ihe nke a iwu na n'ogige ịta ahụhụ bụ ihe 15,000 Kọmunist. Na ọzọ iwu e gafere na April nke na-esote afọ, nke apụta Kọmunist eme ka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru, na ikpe nke a ụmụ amaala na-ata ahụhụ site na ọnwụ.

Na mbuso agha nke Germany na France

Mgbe e meriri Poland na Scandinavia, Germany malitere nyefee nke isi agha na Western Front. Site May 1940 ama enweghị uru nwere mba ndị dị ka England, France. World War II a kara aka na ịga na na ala "peacekeepers" onye chọrọ ka obi jụrụ Hitler, na-enye ya ihe ọ bụla ọ rịọrọ.

Ka 10, 1940 Germany malitere mbuso agha nke West. Erughị otu ọnwa na Wehrmacht jisiri agbaji Belgium, Holland, agbaji British Expeditionary Force, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị kasị ọgụ-njikere French agha. All Northern France na Flanders na-arụ. The mmụọ nke French agha bụ ala, mgbe ndị Germany na-ọbụna ihe kweere na ha invincibility. The ikpe nọgidere ruo obere. Na-achị okirikiri, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị agha, gbaa ụka malitere. June 14 na Paris a họpụtara ndị Nazi, na ndị ọchịchị gbagara Bordeaux.

Mussolini achọghị uche ekerịta kwatara n'agha. Na na June 10, ikwere na France bụ agaghịkwa a egwu egwu wakporo ókèala nke ala. Otú ọ dị, ka ọ ka fọrọ nke nta ka okpukpu abụọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Italian agha emeghị na-alụso ndị French. France na World War II nwere oge na-egosi ihe ọ ga-eme. Ọbụna na June 21 na Iv nke bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke ikwenye, 32 Italian nkewa e kwụsịrị French. Ọ bụ a zuru ezu ọdịda nke Ịtali.

The capitulation nke France na World War II

Mgbe Britain, na-atụ egwu mgbanwe nke French nsoro na-aka nke ndị Germany, ọ idei mmiri a akụkụ buru ibu nke France gbubiri niile diplomatic na United Kingdom. June 17, 1940 ya ọchịchị jụrụ British amaghị na indissoluble n'otu na mkpa ịnọgide na-agha ikpeazụ.

June 22 na Forest nke Compiegne, na ụgbọ okporo ígwè Marshala Fosha, na nkwekorita e banyere n'etiti France na Germany. France kwere nkwa akwa ya pụta, bụ nke akụ na ụba. Ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mba ghọrọ German n'ókèala, akụkụ ebe ndịda na-ekwusa onwe, ma na iwu ji ya kwụọ ụgwọ 400 nde franc a ụbọchị! Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ngwaọrụ na okokụre ngwaahịa wee na mmezi nke German aku na uba, na karịsịa ndị agha. Ihe karịrị 1 nde French ụmụ amaala e zitere a ọrụ na Germany. Economy na aku na uba nke mba ahụhụ nnukwu losses, nke ekemende-enwe mmetụta na ulo oru na-akọ ugbo na mmepe nke France mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.

Vichy ọchịchị

Mgbe ọdịdọ nke edere France na-eme n'obodo Vichy, e kpebiri agafeta authoritarian Ọkaakaa ike n'ebe ndịda nke "onwe ha" nke France na-aka nke Filippa Petena. Ọ kara akara ọgwụgwụ nke atọ Republic na oruru nke Vichy ọchịchị (site na ọnọdụ). France na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gosiri na ya abụghị na ya kacha mma, karịsịa na afọ nke Vichy ọchịchị.

Mbụ oge ọchịchị hụrụ support ke otu onu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ onye fasizim ọchịchị. Communist echiche na-iwu, ndị Juu, nakwa dị ka ihe niile dị n'ókèala ji site ndị Nazi, ha na-chụpụrụ na n'ogige ọnwụ. N'ihi na otu onye gburu German agha ọnwụ ga-egburu 50-100 nke nkịtị. Vichy ọchịchị enweghị a mgbe nile agha. E nwere ndị a ole na ole ndị agha dị mkpa ịnọgide na-enwe iji na-erube isi, na n'otu oge ahụ na ndị agha na-enweghị nwetụrụ oké njọ agha ngwá agha.

Ọchịchị kere nnọọ ogologo oge - site na July 1940 ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke April 1945.

ntọhapụ nke France

June 6, 1944 ulo oru otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu agha-emeri na arụmọrụ - oghere nke abụọ Front, nke malitere na ọdịda nke Anglo-American kemmekorita agha ke Normandy. Kpụ ọkụ na-alụ ọgụ France maka ya tọhapụ, ọnụ na ya jikọrọ aka omume maka ntọhapụ nke mba rụrụ French onwe ha dị ka a akụkụ nke ndị na-eguzogide ije.

France na World War II me ihere onwe ya na abụọ n'ihe banyere: apụ, na-emeri, Nke abuo, na-akwado ha na ndị Nazi nke fọrọ nke nta 4 afọ. Ọ bụ ezie na General de Gaulle mere ike ya nile ike a echiche ụgha na niile French ndị mmadụ dị ka a dum agha maka nnwere onwe nke mba ahụ, na-enyere Germany na ihe ọ bụla, kama ọ bụ naanị imeda ya dị iche iche forays na diversions. "Paris tọhapụrụ French aka" - obi ike na solemnly ugboro de Gaulle.

The kwenye nke bi agha mere na Paris na August 25, 1944. Vichy ọchịchị n'oge ahụ n'ala ọzọ ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke April 1945.

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mba malitere ihe-apụghị ichetụ n'echiche. Ihu na ihu, ndị kwuru na ohi mgbe fascists, t. E. The agha okpuru, na ndi bi na klova na fascists. Ọtụtụ mgbe, e nwere a ọha lynching minions nke Hitler na Petain. Anglo-American allies, onye hụrụ ya onwe m anya, na-aghọtaghị ihe na-eme na-akpọ French agha okpuru ghọta onwe ha, ma ha bụ ndị dị nnọọ oké iwe, kwere na ha na oge eruola. A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke French inyom kwuru onye fasizim whores ọha ihere. Ha na-dọkpụụrụ site n'ebe obibi ha, dọkpụụrụ na square, e idet na rụrụ site na isi n'okporo ámá niile na-ahụ, mgbe n'otu oge ha, dọwa uwe. The mbụ afọ nke France mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na obere, chere remnants nke na-adịbeghị anya, ma ndị dị otú a dị mwute n'oge gara aga, mgbe na-elekọta mmadụ erughị ala na n'otu oge ahụ, na-revival nke mba spirit nwere njikọ chiri anya, na-eke ihe na-ejighị n'aka ọnọdụ.

The njedebe nke agha. The results maka France

France ọrụ na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ bụ bụrụkwa maka dum nke ya n'ezie, ọ dị a onyinye nke ma e nwere, na n'otu oge ahụ ọ bụkwa na-ezighị ezi pụta n'ihi na ya.

The French aku na uba e fọrọ nke nta ebibi. Ụlọ ọrụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, na-enye a ngụkọta nke 38% nke mmepụta nke prewar larịị. Ihe 100 puku Frenchmen lọghachikwuteghị si n'ọgbọ agha, nde abụọ na-na-n'agha ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke agha. Na ngwá agha na-ukwuu n'ime bibiri, na nsoro mikpuru.

French iwu mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, a na-ejikọta ya na aha a agha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onye ndú Charles de Gaulle. The mbụ agha afọ ahụ iji na-eweghachiri aku na uba na-elekọta mmadụ na ọdịmma nke French ndị mmadụ. Loss nke France n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ nwere ike ịbụ na ala, ma eleghị anya, ọ bụghị ha, na ọ ga-abụ, ọ bụrụ na na eve agha, nke ndị ọchịchị nke Britain na France na-agbalị "obi jụrụ" Hitler na ikike a otu ike igbu si mesoo na ọhụrụ German- Nazi ogologo anụ bụ banyere ilo ụwa dum.