Gịnị bụ a sonnet? The uri, a sonnet. Ihe ndị sonnets

A mmasị nke na-ede uri na abụ uri Fans sonnet na-sitere ọrụ nke Provencal troubadours, bụ onye kere a ego lyrics na ndị mbụ ide songs dị n'asụsụ ógbè kama Latin. Aha nke genre aga azụ ka Provencal okwu sonet - sonorous, sonorous song.

Gịnị bụ a sonnet? The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke omume

Albigensian War (1209-1229) na kpuchie ndịda nke France, manyere ọtụtụ troubadours kwaga Sicily, ebe ke 1200s na Naples n'obí na-ede uri na chi nke Frederick II, uri akwụkwọ e guzobere. Nnọchianya ya so mee ka mgbanwe nke sonnet - Italian ọ na-akpọ SONETTO - eduga genre nke ọrụ ya. Sicilian ede abụ uri ụtọ Tuscan olumba, nke bụ ugbua na uzo nke 13-14 narị afọ kpụrụ ndabere nke Italian asụsụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị oke amamihe nke Renaissance dere sonnets: Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, Per De Ronsard, Lope de Vega, Shakespeare ... na onye ọ bụla nke ha na-eweta ka ọdịnaya nke poems bụ ihe ọhụrụ.

Akụkụ nke shapes

Classic sonnet mejupụtara iri na anọ na amaokwu. Na oge nke Italian na French Renaissance na-ede uri uri dere n'ụdị abụọ quatrains (quatrains) na abụọ Terzigno (triplets), na n'oge English - atọ quatrains na otu couplet.

Uri-Sonnet incredibly musically, ọ dị nnọọ mfe ide music maka ya. Ụfọdụ n'afọ iri na ụma na-enweta ekele na eri oké nri nke oke na nwanyị Rhymes, mgbe nchegbu dara na nke ikpeazụ na, mmọdo, na penultimate nkeji okwu. The na-eme nnyocha achọpụtala na oge gboo sonnet nwere 154 nkeji okwu, ma a na omenala bụghị kwetara na niile na-ede uri. Italy, France na England - ku n'aka nke atọ nke n'ụdị uri. Ihe ndị sonnets - bịara n'ebe onye ọ bụla mba - mere mgbanwe ụfọdụ na ụdị na mejupụtara.

okpueze nke sonnets

Nke a akpan akpan ụdị nke uri sitere na Italy na narị afọ nke 13. Na ya 15 sonnets, na nke ikpeazụ bụ isiokwu bụ isi na echiche nke ndị ọzọ na iri na anọ. N'ihi nke a, anyị malitere ọrụ na njedebe. Na iri na ise sonnet mkpa bụ mbụ na nke abụọ n'ahịrị, na dị ka omenala, ndị mbụ sonnet ga-abụrụ na-amalite akpa akara na-akwụsị mgbe ikpeazụ abụọ. Ọ dịghị obere na-akpali bụ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke wreath-uri. The ọzọ iri na atọ sonnets n'ahịrị ikpeazụ nke gara aga bụchaghị ga-abụ onye mbụ ga-esote.

Of Russian na-ede uri na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa akwụkwọ icheta aha Vyacheslava Ivanova na Valery Bryusov. Ha zuru okè mara ihe a sonnet, otú na-egosi mmasị na okpueze nke sonnets. Na Russia, a n'ụdị ide malitere na narị afọ nke 18. Ọgụgụ Valeriy Bryusov bụ a nna ukwu nke a genre, na-erube isi guzosie ike ntọala. Ikpeazụ ya uri si a wreath nke sonnets ( "Mbibi usoro") amalite na e:

"Iri na anọ na-agwa m na ọ dị mkpa

Aha mmasị na-echeta dị ndụ! "

, Ị mkpa na-eji obere analysis na genre nke mejupụtara bụ ihe kwere nghọta. Ọdịnala, ndị ikpeazụ stanza nke mbụ sonnet amalite na-agwụ - nke abụọ; atọ sonnet amalite n'ahịrị ikpeazụ nke gara aga otu, na nke a - "aha ndị ọkacha mmasị na-echeta dị ndụ!" Ọ nwere ike na-arụ ụka na Valeriy Bryusov ruru izu okè na nke a genre. Iji ụbọchị, 150 edemede gua wreaths sonnets Russian-ede uri, na e nwere ihe 600 na ụwa nke uri.

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374). The Italian Renaissance

Ha na-akpọ ya nwoke mbụ nke Renaissance na nchoputa nke oge gboo philology. Franchesko Petrarka kụziiri ọkàiwu, ghọrọ a nchụàjà, ma ọ bụghị na-ebi ndụ dị ka ụkpụrụ nke theocentrism. Petrarch gara nile Europe, na-eje ozi Cardinal malitere edemede ọrụ n'ime obodo nke Vaucluse n'ebe ndịda France. All ndụ ya, ọ kọwaara ihe odide oge ochie na-họọrọ oge ochie ochie - Virgil na Cicero. Ọtụtụ ndị ya poems, gụnyere sonnets, Petrarch enịm ke a collection of "Canzoniere", nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "Book of Songs". Na 1341 maka ya edemede rụzuru kpuwere ya a laurel wreath.

art Atụmatụ

The isi mma nke Petrarch - n'anya ma na-hụrụ n'anya, ma na ịhụnanya na-ekwesịghị ịbụ nanị inyom kamakwa enyi, ezinụlọ, na okike. Nke a echiche bụ na ọ gosiri na ọrụ ya. Akwụkwọ ya "Kantsonere" na-ezo aka ichebara Laura de Newly, a naiti ada. Collection e dere fọrọ nke nta niile ndụ na abụọ mbipụta. Sonnets akwụkwọ mbụ a na-akpọ "N'ihi na ndụ nke Laura," nke abụọ - "On ọnwụ nke Laura." Na ngụkọta, ndị collection - 366 amaokwu. The 317 sonnets nke Petrarch hụrụ temporal Ọnọdụ nke mmetụta. Ke "Canzoniere" na-ede akwụkwọ na-ahụ ọrụ nke uri na ịgụ egwu ugboro ugboro na ndị mara mma na ajọ Madonna. Ọ idealizes Laura, ma ọ dịghị-atụfu ya n'ezie e ji mara. The in-a me dike na-enwe isi ike nile nke unrequited ịhụnanya na-ata ahụhụ, na o nwere na-emerụ a dị nsọ nkwa. The kasị ama sonnet ede akwụkwọ - 61, na nke tọrọ ya utọ ka ọ bụla nkeji nọrọ ya ọ hụrụ n'anya:

"Onye a gọziri agọzi ụbọchị, ọnwa, okpomọkụ, hour
Na oge mgbe anya m zutere ndị anya! "

Collection of Petrarch - a uri nkwupụta, na nke ọ na-egosipụta ya n'ime onwe na nke ime mmụọ onwe. Ọ na-aga site, ma ọ dịghị akwa ụta na ịhụnanya. O yiri ka ziri ezi na-eto n'ụwa ahuhu, n'ihi na na-enweghị ịhụnanya, na ndi mmadu nwere ike ịda. Amaokwu, sonnet egosipụta nke a echiche, ọ nọgidere na-akwado na-ede uri mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375). The Italian Renaissance

The oké Renaissance edemede (kasị mara maka ya ọrụ "The Decameron") bụ ihe iwu na-akwadoghị nwa, ka ibido ọ lelịa, ma talent ike, na-eto eto na-ede uri ghọtara. Ọnwụ nke Petrarch Boccaccio ya n'ahụ nke na o dere, a sonnet n'aha ya, nke kpugheere echiche impermanence nke ndụ elu ala.

"Site Sennuchcho ka Chino sonyeere,

Na Dante unu, n'iru unu

Mgbe ahụ zoro ezo anyị ediberede anya. "

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho raara sonnets Dante Aligeri na ndị ọzọ na oke amamihe, na ọtụtụ ihe - nwanyi. Ya ọ hụrụ n'anya, ọ kpọrọ otu aha - Fiametta, ma ịhụnanya ya bụ bụghị dị ka magburu ka Petrarch, na ndị ọzọ ala n'ụwa. Ọ ubé gbanwere sonnet genre na agba mma nke ihu, ntutu isi, cheeks, egbugbere ọnụ, na-ede banyere ya mma mma na-akọwa n'ahụ mkpa. Dodger na mmasị nke ndị inyom na-atụ anya a aka ike eke: edikpu na ọdịdị mara mma e kere eke na ahụhụ nye, Boccaccio na 1362 were nsọ iwu.

Per De Ronsard (1524-1585). The French Renaissance

Mụrụ a na ezinụlọ ndị bara ọgaranya na magburu nne na nna, Per De Ronsard nwere ohere ọ bụla maka a ezi muta. Na 1542, o nyere adịchaghị ọhụrụ French uri uri mita na Rhymes, n'ihi na nke ọ na-deservedly akpọ "eze na-ede uri." Ewoo, maka ịga nke ọma ya, ọ e merụsịrị ugwo na efu ya ntị, ma ọ hapụghị ndị agụụ ihe ọjọọ nke onwe-mma. Advanced oge ochie na-ede uri o chere Horace na Virgil. Per De Ronsard e eduzi ọrụ ya iso: ọ maara ihe a sonnet, na kọwara mma nke ndị inyom, na ya hụrụ ha. The na-ede uri bụ atọ chere echiche kwuo: Cassandra Marie na Elena. Na otu nke sonnets, ọ na-ekwupụta ya ịhụnanya ka a ụfọdụ ọchịchịrị-haired na aja aja na-eyed nwa agbọghọ ahụ, ka obi sie ya na ọ dịghị redheads ma ọ bụ svetlookie ọlị ime ka ya ìhè mmetụta:

"M nwere anya agba aja aja ndụ ọkụ na-enwusi,
M nwere isi awọ anya na-ahụ m na-achọghị ... "

Nsụgharị sonnets rụrụ site a na-ede Russian dere nke iri abụọ na narị afọ - Vilgelm Levik na Vladimir Nabokov.

Uilyam Shekspir (1564-1616). English Renaissance

E wezụga magburu comedies na ọdachi depụtara na àkù nke ụwa akwụkwọ, Shakespeare dere 154 sonnets, nke otu mmasị ka dịkọrọ ndụ edemede akatọ. Ihe odide ya na-gwara na "a isi, o meghere ya n'obi." Na ụfọdụ sonnets edemede na-akọrọ ya ime mmụọ ahụmahụ, ebe ndị ọzọ na e gbochiri, ịrịba ama. Shakespeare raara chetyrnadtsatistrofnye uri enyi ya na Swarthy Lady. Onye ọ bụla sonnet bụ peculiar nọmba, otú ọ dị mfe ịmata gradation nke ede akwụkwọ si mmetụta: ma ọ bụrụ na nke mbụ ọrụ nke in-a me dike nwee mmasị mma, mgbe 17 sonnets abịa arịrịọ maka reciprocity. Na poems n'okpuru nọmba 27-28, a mmetụta - bụghị ọṅụ ma ihe ibu.

Shakespeare si sonnets e dere ọ bụghị nanị na ịhụnanya themes: mgbe ụfọdụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-eme dị ka a ọkà ihe ọmụma, na-arọ nrọ banyere anwụghị anwụ, na ikpe na-arụ. O sina dị, nwaanyị ahụ maka ya - na e nwere a zuru okè, ma ọ bụ mma ikwu na ịma mma na-kara aka na ịzọpụta ụwa. Ke ọwọrọetop sonnet 130 Shakespeare nwee mmasị mma nke ụwa nke ya ọ hụrụ n'anya: anya ya adịghị tụnyere kpakpando, na odidi dị anya n'ebe siri ndò nke rose, ma ọ na-ekwu na nke ikpeazụ couplet:

"Ma ọ nyere ya mere na o siri ike,

Ònye tụnyere óhiá aghọtahiekarị. "

Italian, French na English sonnets: myirịta na esemokwu

Renaissance nyere ụmụ mmadụ ọtụtụ masterpieces akwụkwọ. Ebe malitere na Italy nke iri na atọ na narị afọ, a obere ka e mesịrị epoch kpaliri ka France, na narị afọ abụọ mgbe e mesịrị - na England. Ọ bụla bụ onye so dee, ịbụ a nwa afọ nke a na mba, na-eweta n'ụdị a sonnet mgbanwe ụfọdụ, ma nọgidere na-abụ ihe kasị mkpa isiokwu - ịgụ egwu ugboro ugboro inyom mara mma na ịhụnanya ya.

The classic Italian sonnet quatrains dere na abụọ Rhymes, Terzetto kwekwara dee dị ka abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, na eri oké nri nke nwoke na nwaanyị Rhymes bụ ịnara. Ndị ọzọ okwu, na-emesi ike na stanza nwere ike ịda ka onye ikpeazụ, na na penultimate nkeji okwu.

Na France, a ban e nyekwara iwu na ugboro ugboro nke okwu na ojiji nke edocha Rhymes. Quatrains si tercets nditịm kewara syntactically. Na-ede uri nke Renaissance na France dere sonnets desyatislozhnikom.

ọhụrụ ke ẹkenam ke England. Ede uri mara ihe a sonnet, ma kama ya na mbụ ụdị, esịnede abụọ quatrains na abụọ TERCET atọ quatrains na otu couplet. Mmechi amaokwu a na-ewere a isi na nke nēbu expressive aphoristic Anya. The egosi na tebụl ndị normalized nsụgharị nke Rhymes na mba dị iche iche.

sonnet taa

Chetyrnadtsatistrofnaya mbụ amaokwu ụdị ọma ghọrọ usoro na-arụ ọrụ nke dịkọrọ ndụ dere. Na nke iri abụọ na narị afọ, ọtụtụ nkịtị bụ French nlereanya. Mgbe Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak brilliantly sụgharịa Shakespeare sonnets, ndị dere nwere mmasị na English ụdị. Nke ikpeazụ bụ na ina ọbụna ugbu a. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na niile sonnets na-sụgharịa eminent oke amamihe nke akwụkwọ, mmasị na nke a genre anọgide mkpa n'oge a: na 2009 Alexander Sharakshane bipụtara a collection na nsụgharị nke Shakespeare sonnets.