Gịnị bụ ihe X-ray fluorescence analysis?

XRD (X-ray fluorescence analysis) - usoro nke anụ ahụ analysis, nke na-ekpebi nta niile chemical ọcha na powdered, mmiri mmiri na ihe siri ike ihe.

usoro ojiji

Usoro a bụ eluigwe na ala, n'ihi na ọ dabeere na a ngwa ngwa na mfe sample nkwadebe. Wee na a usoro ọtụtụ-eji ụlọ ọrụ na-eme nnyocha. X-ray fluorescence analysis usoro nwere a ezigbo ohere, bara uru n'ihi na nnọọ mgbagwoju analysis of dị iche iche gburugburu ebe obibi ihe, nakwa dị ka n'oge àgwà akara nke mmepụta na na analysis of okokụre ngwaahịa na ngwaọrụ.

akụkọ

X-ray fluorescence analysis mbụ kọwara na 1928 site na abụọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị - Glocker na Schreiber. The ngwa oru ya na-eme ka nanị na 1948, ọkà mmụta sayensị Friedman na Burkes. Dị ka a detector, ha nwere a Geiger counter, nke gosiri elu uche na-akwanyere ndị ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè nke mmewere isi.

Helium ma ọ bụ agụụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme nnyocha usoro e ji mee ihe na 1960. Anyị na-eji ha na-ekpebi ìhè ọcha. Ọzọkwa malitere iji kristal nke lithium Fluoride. Anyị na-eji ha maka diffraction. Rhodium na chromium tube na-eji eme excitation waveband.

Si (Li) - lithium nwayọọ sịlịkọn detector echepụta na 1970. Ọ na-enye a elu uche nke data na-adịghị achọ na ojiji nke a ebu. Otú ọ dị, ike mkpebi nke a unit bụ njọ.

Akpaghị aka gbasara nyocha akụkụ na usoro akara gafere a ụgbọ ala na biakwa obibia nke kọmputa. Management mụụrụ a panel na ngwaọrụ ma ọ bụ na kọmputa keyboard. Ngwaọrụ maka analysis of enwetara otú ọtụtụ ebe na-ewu ewu na ha gụnyere na ozi "Apollo 15" na "Apollo 16".

N'oge, ohere ụgbọ mmiri ulo oru n'ime oghere, onwem na ndị a na ngwaọrụ. Nke a na-eme ka o kwe omume ịchọpụta na-nyochaa chemical mejupụtara nke oké nkume nke mbara ala ndị ọzọ.

Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime usoro

Nchịkọta XRF analysis bụ ịrụ ahụ analysis. Iji nyochaa nke a n'ụzọ pụrụ dị ka isiike ozu (iko, metal, egbuke, coal, nkume, plastic) na mmiri mmiri (mmanụ, mmanụ ụgbọala, ngwọta, ágbá, wine na ọbara). The usoro na-enye ohere ikpebi nnọọ ala kasịnụ, n'ogo nke ppm (otu akụkụ kwa nde). Large, ruo 100% nke sample, na-ibinye onwe ha ka nnyocha.

Nke a analysis bụ a ngwa-ngwa, mma ma ndị na-abụghị na-ebibi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ nwere elu reproducibility na izi ezi nke data. The usoro na-enye ohere ọkara quantitatively, qualitatively na quantitatively ịchọpụta niile ihe na-na sample.

Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime X-ray fluorescence analysis usoro dị mfe ma n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ahapụ esịk ala na-agbalị ịkọwa na usoro ka mfe, ọ na-enyo. Na analysis a rụrụ na ndabere nke a tụnyere nke radieshon, nke na-enwetara site irradiation nke atọm.

E nwere a set nke ọkọlọtọ data na-ama na-mara. Atụnyere ihe ndị a data, na-eme nnyocha kwubiri na a akụkụ nke sample.

The mfe na accessibility nke oge a ngwaọrụ ekwe ka ị na-etinye ha n'ọrụ na okwu nke mmiri n'okpuru osimiri ngagharị, ohere, dị iche iche ọmụmụ na ubi nke na omenala na nkà.

ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe

Nke a na usoro dabeere na analysis nke ụdịdị dị iche iche nke na-enwetara site n'ebe a na ihe onwunwe na-na-enyocha, X-ụzarị.

N'oge irradiation atọm-aghọ onye na-enwe obi ụtọ, nke na-esonyere nyefe nke electrons na kwantum etoju nke elu iji. Na steeti a, na-atọm bụ a dị nnọọ obere oge, banyere a microsecond 1st, wee laghachi ya n'ala ala (jụụ ebe). N'oge a, electrons na elu shells, jupụta ma ọ bụ ohere iputa ohere ohere iputa, na ngafe ike emepụta n'ụdị photons ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ ume-ebute site ná electrons, emi odude ke ná mpụta shells (akpọ Auger electrons). N'oge a, onye ọ bụla atọm tọhapụrụ a photoelectron ike nke nwere a siri ike uru. Dị ka ihe atụ, ígwè n'oge irradiation site X-ụzarị ewepụtarịrị photons hà Ka ma ọ bụ 6.4 keV. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke quanta nke ike na pụrụ hụrụ na Ọdịdị nke okwu.

radieshon iyi

X-ray fluorescence analysis usoro nke metal dị ka isi iyi nke na-agwọ nwaanyị dị ka isotopes nke dị iche iche ihe, na X-ray akpa. Na nke ọ bụla ná mba ahụ, dị iche iche na ndị a chọrọ maka na mwepụ nke ibubata emitting isotopes, karị, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ akụrụngwa na-ahọrọ iji x-ray tube.

Ndị dị otú ahụ akpa-ma ọla kọpa, na ọla-ọcha, rhodium, molybdenum ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ anode. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị anode họrọ dabere na ọrụ.

Ugbu na voltaji maka dị iche iche ihe na-eji dị iche iche. Light ọcha bụ zuru ezu na ichoputa voltaji 10kV, oké - 40-50 kW, ọkara - 20-30 kV.

N'oge ọmụmụ nke ìhè ọcha a nnukwu mmetụta na ụdịdị dị iche iche nwere a gbara ya gburugburu ikuku. Iji belata a mmetụta sample na a pụrụ iche ulo-etinye a agụụ ohere ma ọ bụ jupụtara na helium. Obi tọrọ ya ụtọ nso agụta a pụrụ iche ngwaọrụ - detector. On otú elu spektral mkpebi nke detector na-adabere na izi ezi nke nkewa nke photons nke dị iche iche ihe ọ bụla ọzọ. Ònye kacha ezi mkpebi na 123 eV. X-ray fluorescence analysis ngwá, a nso esetịpụ aka 100%.

Ozugbo ghọọ a photoelectron voltaji usu nke a na-agụ pụrụ iche agụta electronics, ọ na-ebute site ná kọmputa. Site n'ebe ah u na ụdịdị dị iche iche, nke nyere ndị X-ray fluorescence analysis, mfe qualitatively chọpụta nke ọcha eri LB mụọ sample. Iji n'ụzọ ziri ezi chọpụta quantitative ọdịnaya, ị ga-amụ ụdịdị dị iche iche nwetara na pụrụ iche usoro ihe omume nke mmezi. Ihe omume na-kere tupu. N'ihi nke a, ule n'omume, ndị mejupụtara nke nke a maara tupu na elu ziri ezi.

Nanị tinye, na n'ihi ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ule umi na-jiri ya tụnyere ihe mara elementrị. N'ihi ya na-enweta ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ndị mejupụtara nke umi.

ohere

X-ray fluorescence analysis usoro na-enye ohere analysis:

• samples, hà ma ọ bụ uka negligible (100-0,5 mg);
• mkpa Mbelata ókè (1-2 iwu nke ịdị ukwuu ala karịa RFA);
• ihe analysis-ewere n'ime akaụntụ ọdịiche nke ike quanta.

The sample ọkpụrụkpụ, nke a na-doro nnyocha, ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe karịrị 1 mm.

N'ihe banyere nke a size sample nwere ike ewute sekọndrị Filiks a sample, gụnyere:

• multiple Compton chụsasịrị, nke nnoo gbatịrị mastritsah ìhè elu;
• bremsstrahlung nke photoelectrons (na-eme ka ala dị larịị nke ndabere);
• excitation n'etiti ọcha, na fluorescence absorption, nke na-achọ interelement mgbazi spektra n'oge nhazi.

The ọghọm

Otu n'ime ndị kasị ọghọm - mgbagwoju, nke na-esonyere nkwadebe nke mkpa samples, nakwa dị ka iwu siri ike chọrọ maka Ọdịdị nke ahụ ihe. Maka ọmụmụ sample ga-abụ nnọọ mma urughuru size na elu Ime Otu.

Ọzọ drawback bụ na usoro a ike kegide ụkpụrụ (akwụkwọ samples). Nke a na atụmatụ nke na-abịara niile na-abụghị na-ebibi ụzọ.

ngwa usoro

X-ray fluorescence analysis na ọtụtụ-eji ọtụtụ ubi. Ọ na-eji ọ bụghị nanị na sayensị, ma ọ bụ n'ebe ọrụ, ma na-na ubi nke na omenala na nkà.

Ọ na-eji na:

• Nchedo nke gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu na ala iji chọpụta arọ ọla, nakwa dị ka a mata ha dị na mmiri, sedimenti, dị iche iche aerosols;
• Mineralogy na Geology rụrụ quantitative na qualitative analysis of minerals, Ona, nkume;
• na chemical ụlọ ọrụ na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè - ịchịkwa àgwà nke ngwaọrụ, okokụre ngwaahịa na mmepụta usoro;
• Agba Industry - nyochara nke-edu ndú agba;
• ọla ụlọ ọrụ - atụ ịta nke bara uru ọla;
• mmanụ ụlọ ọrụ - ekpebi ogo ofufe nke mmanụ na mmanụ ụgbọala;
• nri ụlọ ọrụ - kpebisiri ike na-egbu egbu ọla ke nri na nri Efrata;
• agriculture - nyochaa Chọpụta ọcha dị iche iche Ona, nakwa dị ka na-akọ ugbo na ngwaahịa;
• Archaeology - eduzi elemental analysis, nakwa dị ka mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị nke na-achọta;
• art - mụụrụ ọmụmụ ihe ọkpụkpụ, eserese, na-eduzi nyochaa ihe akpọkwa na ha analysis.

Gostovskaya mmezi

X-ray fluorescence analysis of GOST 28033 - 89 njikwa kemgbe 1989. The akwụkwọ depụtara niile ajụjụ metụtara ndị na usoro. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ ihe karịrị afọ na e nwere ọtụtụ nzọụkwụ kwupụta mma nke usoro, akwụkwọ bụ ka mkpa.

Dị ka GOST guzosie mmekọahụ ike ọmụmụ ihe. The data egosipụta na tebụl.

Isiokwu 1. ruru nke uka fractions

họrọ item	Mass nta,%
sọlfọ	Site 0,002 ka 0,20
sịlịkọn	"0,05" 5.0
molybdenum	"0,05" 10,0
Titan	"0.01" 5.0
cobalt	"0,05" 20,0
chrome	"0,05" 35,0
niobium	"0.01" 2.0
manganese	"0,05" 20,0
vanadium	"0.01" 5.0
tungsten	"0,05" 20,0
site	"0,002" 0,20

The ngwá eji

X-ray fluorescence spektral analysis a rụrụ iji a pụrụ iche ngwa, ụzọ na-esi. N'etiti usoro na ihe na-eji na GOST depụtara:

• multichannel spectrometers na scanners;
• Ike ike-sanding igwe (egweri-egweri, 3B634 ụdị);
• N'elu-egweri igwe (model 3E711V);
• ịghasa-ịcha lathe (model 16P16).
• ọnwụ discs (GOST 21963);
• elektrokorundovye abrasive wheel (50 grit seramiiki ọgọdọ, ekweghị ekwe St2, GOST 2424);
• Egweri akpụkpọ (akwụkwọ, Type 2, SB-140 ọkwa (P6), na SB-240 (P8), BSH200 (P7), gwakọtara - nkịtị, grainy 50-12, GOST 6456);
• Nka na ụzụ ethyl mmanya (adị, GOST 18300);
• argon-methane ngwakọta.

Visitors na-ekwe, ha nwere ike iji ihe ndị ọzọ na ngwá ọrụ nke ga-enye ezi analysis.

Nkwadebe na nhọrọ nke samples dị ka GOST

X-ray fluorescence analysis nke ọla tupu ule na-agụnye pụrụ iche nkwadebe nke samples maka inwekwu nchọpụta.

Ọzụzụ a rụrụ na kwesịrị ekwesị n'ụzọ:

1. Ebupụta ka ụzarị ọkụ, nkọ. Ọ bụrụ na e nwere mkpa, mgbe ahụ, kpochapụrụ na mmanya.
2. The sample na-tightly enwe megide erite oghere. Ọ bụrụ na elu nke sample bụ ezughi oke, ihe pụrụ iche constraints ide.
3. The spectrometer dị njikere maka ọrụ dị na ntuziaka maka ojiji.
4. X-ray spectrometer na-calibrated eji a ọkọlọtọ sample, nke kwekọrọ na GOST 8,315. Ọzọkwa maka mmezi nwere ike iji a homogeneous sample.
5. Primary grading a rụrụ dịkarịa ala ugboro ise. Mgbe a na-eme n'oge ọrụ nke spectrometer iche iche ụbọchị.
6. Mgbe eduzi ugboro ugboro calibrations bụ omume na-eji abụọ tent nke mmezi.

Analysis nke nsonaazụ na njikwa

XRF Method dị ka GOST agụnye a nọmba nke yiri ogbugbu nke abụọ nha iji nweta analytic mgbaàmà nke onye ọ bụla mmewere doro akara.

Ọ na-ekwe ka iji okwu nke gbasara nyocha ihe na-emegiderịta ukem nha. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nkeji na-egosi data nwetara site na iji gradirovochnyh e ji mara.

Ọ bụrụ na ihe dị iche karịa ndị allowable concurrent n'ihe, ọ dị mkpa iji na-ekpeghachi analysis.

Ọ dịkwa ike ịrụ a n'ihe. Na nke a, a yiri abụọ akụkụ ikwu a sample nke ogbe nyochara.

The ikpeazụ n'ihi na-ewere dị ka som pụtara nke abụọ nha rụrụ ke ukem, ma ọ bụ naanị otu onye na-amata ọtụtụ N'ihi.

Aṅụrụma nke na-arụpụta si sample quality

N'ihi rentgenfluorestsentnogo analysis ịgba ọ bụ nanị na-akwanyere a umi nke Ọdịdị mmewere achọpụtara. N'ihi na dị iche iche bekee na-ede quantitative nchọpụta nke dị iche iche ihe.

A nnukwu ọrụ nwere ike igwu na ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè, nke bụ mmewere. Ceteris paribus ọzọ ike ikpebi ọcha nke ìhè na arọ - mfe. Ke adianade do, otu mmewere bụ mfe iji chọpụta na ìhè matriks, kama siri ike.

N'ihi ya, usoro na-adabere na àgwà nke sample naanị ruo n'ókè nke na mmewere nwere ike ịnwe ya mejupụtara.