Gịnị bụ ọrụ nke cytoplasm na protein biosynthesis? Description nke usoro na ọrụ

The cell nke ọ bụla organism na-anọchi anya otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-amị kemịkal. Ebe a, Jeremaya mere erukwa na biosynthesis nke lipids, nucleic asịd, carbohydrates na, n'ezie, na-edozi. Ndi na-edozi na-egwu a dị oké mkpa ọrụ na cell ọrụ, n'ihi ya, ha na-arụ a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrụ: .. An enzyme, mgbaàmà, bughi, nchekwa, na ndị ọzọ.

Protein Biosynthesis: Usoro Description

Construction nke protein ụmụ irighiri bụ a mgbagwoju multistep usoro na-ewe ebe n'okpuru edinam nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke enzymes na na ọnụnọ nke ụfọdụ owuwu.

Njikọ amalite ọ bụla protein na ntọala. nke molekụla Ọdịdị ọmụma e dekọrọ na cell DNA, na nke na ọ na-agụ. Fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla site n'usoro-ebu ụzọ amata onye nke ahụ ahụ, ya intrinsic protein molekul.

Gịnị bụ ọrụ nke cytoplasm na protein biosynthesis? Eziokwu ahụ bụ na cytoplasm nke cell bụ a "ọdọ mmiri" maka monomer mgbagwoju ogige, nakwa dị ka akụkụ na-na-ahụ maka eruba nke usoro nke protein njikọ. Ọzọkwa, esịtidem gburugburu ebe obibi nke cell nwere a mgbe nile acidity na ion ọdịnaya, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa Biochemical Jeremaya mere.

Protein biosynthesis ewe ebe nkebi abụọ: nke a bụ transcription na translation.

transcription

A na ogbo na-amalite cell ntọala. Ebe a, isi ọrụ na-egwuri dị otú ahụ na nucleic asịd, ma DNA na RNA (deoxy na ribonucleic acid). Na eukaryotes, transcription unit bụ a transcriptional na prokaryotes dị otú ahụ nzukọ a na-akpọ operon DNA. The dị iche n'etiti transcription na prokaryotes na eukaryotes bụ na operon bụ òkè nke DNA molekul nke-ebu ụzọ amata a molekul multiple edozi mgbe transcriptional ibu ozi na naanị otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein.

Isi ihe nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-eme bụ njikọ nke ndị transcription nke ozi RNA (mRNA) na DNA template. N'ihi nke a, isi-abanyekwa dị otú ahụ enzyme, RNA polymerase. Ọ atụ ke njikọ nke ọhụrụ ụmụ irighiri nke mRNA nke bụ arụkọ na saịtị nke deoxyribonucleic acid.

N'ihi na a ọma N'ezie nke transcription mmeghachi omume na-achọ ọnụnọ nke transcription ihe na-na-na-họpụtara ndị afo TF-1, TF-2, TF-3. A mgbagwoju protein owuwu abuana ke compound na RNA polymerase ume na DNA molekul.

Njikọ nke mRNA na-aga n'ihu dị ka ogologo dị ka polymerase esịmde ọgwụgwụ ebe transcriptional akpọ terminator.

The ọrụ, dị ka ọzọ ọtọ transcriptional mpaghara, bụ maka na mgbochi nke transcription ma ọ bụ, Nhọrọ, maka osooso nke RNA polymerase. Na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ nke transcription nke enzymes kpọmkwem protein inhibitors ma ọ bụ activators bụ ndi na-edozi karị.

translation

Mgbe mRNA e synthesized na cell ntọala, ọ na-aga n'ime cytoplasm. Iji zaa ajụjụ ahụ banyere ihe ọrụ nke cytoplasm na protein biosynthesis, bụ uru ọzọ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ebukọtala akara aka nke nucleic acid ụmụ irighiri na a translation ogbo.

The na agbasa ozi n'ikuku na-ewe ebe na atọ: nnabata, elongation na nchupu.

Akpa, mRNA ga-mmasị ka ribosomes. Ribosomes bụ obere na-abụghị akpụkpọ ahụ cell owuwu nke iso nke abụọ subunits: obere na nnukwu. First ribonucleic acid bụ mmasị na a obere subunit, na mgbe ahụ na-emechikwa dum nnukwu mgbagwoju translational ka mRNA bụ n'ime ribosome. N'ezie, nke a bụ njedebe ogbo nke nnabata.

Gịnị bụ ọrụ nke cytoplasm na protein biosynthesis? Mbụ niile, ọ bụ isi iyi nke amino asịd - bụ isi monomers nke ọ bụla protein. Na ogbo nke elongation bụ a nwayọọ nwayọọ Mee-elu nke polypeptide yinye, site na mmalite codon methionine, nke na-mmasị ndị ọzọ na amino asịd. Codon na nke a bụ a triplet nke nucleotides nke mRNA na-ebu ụzọ amata otu amino acid.

Mgbe a na ogbo, ọ na jikọọ na ndị ọzọ ụdị RNA - RNA iga, ma ọ bụ tRNA. Ha na-ahụ maka nnyefe nke amino asịd na ribosome mgbagwoju ka mRNA site akpụ aminoacyl-tRNA mgbagwoju. Learning na-ewe ebe site tRNA anticodon arụkọ mmekọrịta nke a molekul na mRNA na codon. N'ihi ya, amino acid a na-anapụta ndị ribosome na na-mmasị ka nascent polypeptide yinye.

Nchupu nke translation usoro na-adị mgbe ndị na saịtị na mRNA kwụsị codons. Ndị a codons nwere ozi banyere njikọ nke peptide zuru ezu, mgbe nke mgbagwoju nke ribosome-RNA na-ebibi, na isi Ọdịdị nke a akwụkwọ protein na-aga n'ime cytoplasm maka inwekwu chemical mgbanwe.

Na usoro nke translation na-agụnye pụrụ iche protein nnabata ihe Ọ BỤRỤ na elongation ihe EF. Ha na-abịa na a dịgasị iche iche nke umu, na ọrụ ha bụ iji hụ kwesịrị ekwesị njikọ na RNA ribosomal subunits, nakwa dị ka na njikọ nke ọtụtụ ndị polypeptide yinye na ogbo nke elongation.

Gịnị bụ ọrụ nke cytoplasm na protein biosynthesis: nkenke banyere isi mmiri nke biosynthesis

Mgbe mRNA-eche nche na isi n'ime ime cell gburugburu ebe obibi, molekul ga-etolite a ufọk ufene mgbagwoju translational. Gịnị na-na-mmiri nke cytoplasm ga-adị ugbu a na ogbo nke translation?

1. Ribosomes.

2. amino asịd.

3. tRNA.

Aminoacids - monomers edozi

N'ihi na njikọ nke na protein yinye dị mkpa nwere na cytoplasm nke bughi mmiri nke peptide ụmụ irighiri - amino asịd. Ndị a ala-molekụla bekee na Ọdịdị nwere amino acid fọduru NH2 na COOH. Ọzọ akụrụngwa nke molekul - a - bụ ihe e ji mara onye nke ọ bụla amino acid. Ya mere, ihe bụ ọrụ nke cytoplasmic protein biosynthesis?

AK ime na ngwọta n'ụdị zwitterions, nke bụ otu ụmụ irighiri ihe na-enye ma ọ bụ na-ewe nke hydrogen protons. N'ihi ya, amino ìgwè nke amino asịd na converted n'ime NH3 +, a carbonyl otu - COO-.

Ihe niile na ọdịdị na-achọta 200 AK, nke naanị 20 bụ belokobrazuyuschimi. N'etiti ha bụ ndị a ìgwè nke dị oké mkpa amino asịd na-adịghị synthesized na ahụ mmadụ na-esi n'ime cell naanị nwetara nri na mkpa amino asịd na ahụ forms na ha onwe ha.

All AK koodu site a codon na kwekọrọ na atọ nucleotides nke mRNA, nke otu amino acid na-ejikarị koodu site ọtụtụ ndị dị otú usoro. Methionine codon na pro- na eukaryotes bụ mmalite, n'ihi na Ọ na-amalite na biosynthesis nke peptide yinye. Iji kwụsị codons gụnyere UAA, UGA, na UAG nucleotide usoro.

Gịnị bụ a ribosome?

Olee ribosomes na-ahụ maka ndị biosynthesis nke na-edozi na cell na ihe bụ ọrụ ndị a owuwu? Mbụ niile, ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị akpụkpọ ahụ guzobere, nke mejupụtara abụọ subunits, nnukwu na obere. The ọrụ nke ndị a subunits - jide mRNA ụmụ irighiri n'etiti ha.

The ribosomes bụ na saịtị na-ada n'ime mRNA codons. All n'etiti obere na nnukwu subunit nwere ike dabara abụọ dị otú ahụ triplets.

Ọtụtụ ribosomes nwere ike aggregated n'ime otu nnukwu mkpuchi iwu, adịru peptide yinye njikọ ọnụego na-abawanye, na mmepụta pụrụ inweta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nke protein. Nke ahụ bụ ihe ọrụ nke cytoplasm na protein biosynthesis.

RNA umu

Ribonucleic asịd akpọ ọrụ dị mkpa na niile nkebi nke transcription. E nwere atọ nnukwu iche iche nke RNA: iga, ribosomal na ozi.

mRNA abuana ke nnyefe nke ozi na ndị mejupụtara nke peptide yinye. tRNA ikpeziri nyefe nke amino asịd na ribosomes na-enweta site na guzobere aminoacyl-tRNA mgbagwoju. Iwuli si amino acid pụtara nanị mgbe arụkọ mmekọrịta nke nyefe RNA anticodon na codon na mRNA.

rRNA aka guzobe ribosomes. Ha usoro bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mere na mRNA ẹkenịmde n'etiti obere na nnukwu subunits. Ribosomal RNA guzobere nucleoli.

pụtara na-edozi

The biosynthesis nke na-edozi na ihe ọ pụtara maka oké mkpụrụ ndụ: kasị enzymes nwere peptide uwa organism, ndi na-edozi na-adị site na iga nke bekee site na cell akpụkpọ ahụ.

Ndi na-edozi ịrụ na bughi ọrụ dị ka ha bụ akụkụ nke muscle, akwara na ndị ọzọ na anụ ahụ. Egosi ọrụ dị na-ekesa ihe ọmụma banyere ihe Filiks, n'ihi na ihe atụ, mgbe ìhè bụ ihe mere na retina. Echebe-edozi - immunoglobulin - bụ ntọala nke mmadụ dịghịzi usoro.