Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke Russian sayensị na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20? The sayensị nke narị afọ nke 20

Ịhapụ Nkume Age abaitiat, ọha mmadụ mechaa a oké ụzọ nke uche na n'ụzọ ime mmụọ. Nke a kwe ka ndị mmadụ na-anọdụ ala na kọmputa na-ekwurịta okwu na onye ọ bụla ọzọ mgbe ọ bụla anya, na banye n'ime ihe nzuzo nke ọdịdị na izipu ugboelu na mbara ala ndị ọzọ. Nke a mere na o kwere omume ekele sayensị, nke e kere na mepụtara ọtụtụ ọgbọ.

Historical development

Science na Russia tupu Pita Ukwu budata lagged n'azụ European. Nke a bụ n'ihi na na-elekọta mmadụ na omenala e ji mara nke State na obere mmetụta nke Byzantium.

The mbụ mgbakọ na mwepụ ọrụ oge ochie Russia e guzobere 1136 a mọnk Kirik. Dịtụ mesịrị pụtara nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ na uche na som cosmography.

Science dị ka a na-elekọta mmadụ na alụmdi bilie na mba anyị n'okpuru Peter I. Ọ bụ na oge nke ọchịchị ya, na America na na Siberia zitere mbụ njem Vasily Tatishchev na Vitus Bering.

1724 ji mmeghe nke St. Petersburg Academy nke Sciences. Ọrụ a na alụmdi kpọrọ ọtụtụ maara nke ọma European ọkà mmụta sayensị. Uru maka mmepe nke Russian sayensị ndị ọrụ na-eme nke Academician Mikhail Lomonosov.

1755 a na-ewere ụbọchị nke ntọala nke Moscow University. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian sayensị mgbe natara a ọhụrụ gburugburu nke development. Dịtụ mesịrị mahadum e hiwere na Dorpat (1802), na Vilna (1803), na Kharkov na Kazan (1804), St. Petersburg (1819). Ugbua na mbubreyo narị afọ nke 19. ha mejupụtara mma Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa na Tomsk oru nke ụdị.

Scientific J.Randall na Russia bụ:

- Mathematics (Ni Lobachevsky, M. V. Ostrogradsky et al.);
- Physics (A. S. Popov, AG Stoletov);
- chemical (D. I. Mendeleev, AM Butlerov, N. N. Zinin et al.);
- dọkịta (S. P. Botkin, Ni Pirogov);
- akọ akụkọ ihe mere (nm Karamzin, V. O. Klyuchevsky).

Na mmalite nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ

Oge a e ji mara mgbanwe nke agrarian Russia n'ime a dị ike na ulo oru obodo. Ndị mgbanwe, nke na-eduzi ndị ọchịchị, dọtara na mba isi obodo. Na Russia, anyị malitere ike ịzụlite dị iche iche na ngalaba nke ụlọ ọrụ, nakwa dị ka ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ụlọ ọrụ.

Ugbua ịrị elu nke omenala malitere na njedebe nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ, ije, akwụkwọ, wdg The sayensị na narị afọ nke 20 na-ruru a ịrịba elu. N'oge a, e nwere ezigbo mgbanwe nke eke sayensị, nke nwere a dị oké mkpa na mmepe nke ọha mmadụ. Isi sayensị nke narị afọ nke 20, mere na oge a, emewo ka idegharị ẹdude echiche banyere ụmụ mmadụ na ụwa.

Ihe e kere eke nke na nkà mmụta sayensị na teknuzu ọha mmadụ

The sayensị nke narị afọ nke 20 tupu revolutionary Russia e mere ekele na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche na okirikiri. Nke ikpeazụ bụ obere obodo, nke gụnyere ọ bụghị nanị na-eme nnyocha, ndị na-amụ ma na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-enwechaghị ahụmahụ. E nwere klọb si onyinye nke òtù ya na onwe onyinye. N'obodo ụfọdụ, ndị ọchịchị na ekenyela nnukwu ego.

Ke adianade ọgwụ na-akọ ugbo, Metallurgical na botanical, obodo, anụ ahụ na chemical adị nzuzo na nkà mmụta sayensị okirikiri. Otu ihe atụ nke a nwere ike ije ozi dị ka ndị Society of Astronautics. Nọ na ya ga-eme n'ọdịnihu oké ọkà mmụta sayensị nke narị afọ nke 20 - Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, na ndị ọzọ.

All ndị a klọb bụ ogige nke nnyocha na-akwalite ihe ọmụma sayensị ke otu onu. Otú ọ dị, isi onyinye guzobe nke mba ka na-nwe na ihu na mahadum, nke na nke dị n'elu na otu.

Mmepe nke nkà mmụta ọgwụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na usoro ndu

Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke Russian sayensị na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 na mpaghara ebe a? Ndị a gụnyere ndị kpochapụwo ọrụ Academician I. P. Pavlova. Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ physiology nke digestive usoro na obi usoro. N'ihi ya ọrụ na 1904, Pavlov e ọdịda nke Nobel Nrite. Otu award na 1908, e ọdịda I. I. Mechnikovu. Ya ọkà mmụta sayensị natara maka ọrụ ya na ọrịa na ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ. Mechnikov mụkwaara mmetụta nke elu ụjọ ọrụ na N'ezie nke n'ahụ Filiks. Dabere na ihe ọmụma nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ka ulo oru ozizi oyi na-aghọ nkọ.

Oghere nke narị afọ nke 20 na ubi nke usoro ndu ghọrọ a dị ike kwalite maka mmepe nke na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Na mmalite nke narị afọ ndị ji mmepe nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa megide oria nkita, ọkụkọ ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ nakwa anthrax. All nke a bụ n'ihi nke research nje Louis Pasteur Institute na Paris. Dabere na ọrụ nke ndị a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere Russia, ada mmepe nke jikoro iji na mgbochi na mgbochi nke dị iche iche na ntiwapụ nke ọrịa.

A oké onyinye mmepe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mere ka ọkà mmụta sayensị IV Michurin. The nchoputa nke sayensị nke ozuzu mkpụrụ osisi na-arụ ọrụ na Tambov n'ógbè, n'ụlọ ya obodo nke Kozlov. Ebumnuche nke mmega bụ jupụta Russian ọhụrụ omenala ubi. N'agbanyeghị ihe mgbochi ndị chere ihu ya, ọkà mmụta sayensị rụrụ ọrụ ya.

O wepụtara ụzọ dị irè na mere n'ọnụ ubiere-emepụta a dịgasị iche iche nke adọ ụdị ụfọdụ ndị na-enwe ihe ọhụrụ, ọ bara uru Njirimara maka ụmụ mmadụ.

Mmelite nke na ngwá agha

Mmepe nke a na mpaghara mee ka ime ihe ike nke na-eduga ná mba ndị ụwa na-amụba oru ohere. Ugbua na afọ 1911-1915 Russian injinia AA Porokhovshchikov, VL Mendeleev na AA Vasiliev kere mbụ draft nke armored ụgbọala, nke e mesịrị na-akpọ tank.

Mepụtara na nchoputa nke narị afọ nke 20 na nke ubi nke ụgbọelu. Ya mere, ihe mbụ agha ugbo elu wee akụkụ ke eduzi rụrụ na 1911, Warsaw, St. Petersburg na Kiev district. Na ọgụ, a Usoro e ji mee n'oge Balkan agha nke 1912-1913. Na 1914, akpa otu bombu e kuchiri site Russian agha, nke aha ya bụ "Ilya Muromets".

Ọ hapụghị si ụgbọelu na agha mmiri. Ebe a egwuregwu bụ armored uzuoku-ụgbọ mmiri. Otu n'ime ihe mbụ n'etiti ha bụ "Petr Veliky".

The mepụtara igwe

Science na nkà na ụzụ nke narị afọ nke 20 na Russia na-emekwa onwe ha ọrụ ike na mba agha ike. A na ubi anyị mere ịrịba strides. Ya mere, na 1916, ngwá agha mmebe Fedorov echepụta ụwa mbụ igwe. N'ihi na nke a ọ dị mkpa ka ebelata gbọmgbọm égbè sample na 1913 na mejuputa ya igbe magazine, nakwa dị ka a handle maka mfe égbè. The pụta bụ a ọkụ ngwá ọrụ na taa bụ ihe ndabere nke bipu ngwá agha nke ọ bụla na ndị agha na ụwa.

Mmepe nke onwu na physics

Ọtụtụ sayensị narị afọ nke 20 a na mpaghara e mere na Western Europe. Ekele ha, na ndi mmadu na uzuoku engines malitere na esịtidem combustion engines. Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ọhụrụ maka isi akụrụngwa n'ihi na mmepụta nke ndị dị otú ahụ usoro (mmanụ) e chọrọ ya bụ Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Biakwa obibia nke ọzọ dị ike engines kpaliri na-eme nnyocha ka na echiche nke ihe e kere eke nke ugbo elu. The mgbalị mbụ na-agbaji n'ime ubi nke Aeronautics e mere na narị afọ nke 19. Ọ na-ama ahụ hụrụ ìhè airships na balloons.

Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke Russian sayensị na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 na mpaghara ebe a? Na mba anyị na e kere anyị abụọ- na anọ na-engine ugbo elu gburu dịkọrọ ndụ ha nnukwu size. N'ime ha e kere eke na-arụ ọrụ injinia dị ka I. Sikorsky na V. G. Lutskoy.

Oghere nke narị afọ nke 20 na ubi nke ụgbọelu adịghị n'ebe ahụ. The pụtara ìhè Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị B. N. Yurev na 1911 mepụtakwara bụ isi unit na-eji na nzukọ nke oge a helicopters. Nke a ngwaọrụ kwere ka Usoro ike a elu arụmọrụ kwụsie ike. Ndị a helicopters nwere ike ejikwara n'enweghị site nkịtị ụgbọelu. Mmepe nke sayensị na narị afọ nke 20 na ubi nke helikọpta tọrọ kpọmkwem Yuriev.

Na n'otu oge ahụ, ndị a mụụrụ mmalite nke oge a astronautics. Isi nchoputa nke narị afọ nke 20 a na mpaghara e mere na onye nkụzi nke Kaluga mgbatị akụ Ke Tsiolkovsky. Na 1903, o bipụtara amamiihe ọrụ, nke na-egosi na o na-ohere ụgbọ elu.

Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke Russian sayensị na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 na ubi nke physics? Nke a chọpụtara izugbe iwu pụta ụwa Filiks efegharị efegharị (akpa, now, wdg). Ha e eminent physics P. N. Lebedevym.

Onye kasị ukwuu nchoputa ke sayensị nke narị afọ nke 20, e mere V. I. Vernadskim. Nke a ọkà mmụta sayensị a bịara mara n'ụwa nile ke n'akwụkwọ nke ya Encyclopedic ọrụ, nke bụ ihe ndabere maka mmepe nke Kacha ọhụrụ na ọnọdụ na-Radiology, geochemistry na n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ. Vernadsky ọrụ nke noosphere na Biosphere bụ mmalite nke oge a gburugburu.

The mepụtara azu paaki parachute

Na 1910, ge Kotelnikov gara All-Russia ememme raara nye Aeronautics. Ọ na-otu nke ndị àmà nke mwute na ọnwụ nke pilot L. Matsievich. Kotelnikov bụghị a mmebe, na omee. Otú ọ dị, ọnwụ nke pilot ka eju ya na a afọ mgbe e mesịrị o mepụtara na parachute RK-1, bụ fundamentally dị iche iche si aga aghụghọ.

Dome dị ka a n'aka nke nzọpụta na mbụ na-eji balloonists. Otú ọ dị RC-1 bụ ihe kọmpat. Ke adianade do, parachute aghọwo mejupụtara ihe mberede nzaghachi unit, mgbe niile nọ n'okpuru aka-ya. Èbè dome na RK-1 e enịm ke a osisi mbụ akpa, bụ nke e mechara aluminum. Na na ala nke igbe spring ndokwa Kotelnikov. N'oge kwesịrị parachutist Anam Udeme mgbanaka. N'oge a, mmiri ga-emepe igbe cover na n'èzí na dome. Ugbu a mepụtara bụ parachutists n'ụwa nile.

Ọdịdị nke TV

Russian sayensị na narị afọ nke 20 ụwa nyere mepụtara na ghọrọ oghere oge. Na 1907, Prọfesọ Institute of Technology, emi odude ke St. Petersburg, B. L. Rozingom gbara akwụkwọ a patent ngwa n'ihi na a "usoro nke eletriki nnyefe nke dị iche iche ihe oyiyi na ha n'ikuku site a cathode ray tube."

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1910 na ọkà mmụta sayensị mere a ọha akụkọ ná nzukọ nke Russian ụzụ Society, na nke o kwuru okwu banyere nsogbu na-eguzo n'ụzọ nke telivishọn. Rosing obi ike na iji ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na ngwaọrụ ga-eji elektrọn doo ya. The kasị ịtụnanya ihe bụ na a na mmechi e ruru na oge mgbe electronics dị ka ụlọ ọrụ bụ ka na-amalite amalite. Na telivishọn o kere a usoro Rosing natara mbụ Russian patent, na mgbe - na German, English na American.

Discoveries na ọdịdị ala

Gịnị bụ rụzuru nke Russian sayensị na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 na-amụ ụwa iji? N'oge a ọ gara na Oceania na North Africa, East na Central Asia. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha na-akara a zuru ụwa ọnụ na-emeghe. Ọ bụ uru na-ekwu na obodo sayensị na narị afọ nke 20, ọ dabeere na rụzuru nwetara site Russian nchọpụta.

Guzobe nke USSR

Science na Russia n'okpuru Soviet ọchịchị nyere ụwa ọtụtụ nchoputa na rụzuru na dị iche iche na ngalaba nke mmadụ ọrụ. Ọbụna ha cursory ndepụta na-egosi na ihe itunanya na e mere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Rụzuru nke Soviet sayensị na-egwuri a nnukwu ọrụ na akụ na ụba mba development. Na nke a, dabere na ha na-kere ọhụrụ n'oge ahụ ụlọ ọrụ, ma traktọ na ụgbọelu, akpakanamde na ọla. The results nke nnyocha mere ka o kwe ịzụlite mmepụta nke sịntetik roba, moto mmanụ ụgbọala, wdg

Rụzuru nwetara ọkà, nwere ike ịnagide ihe ịma aka nri na ìhè ụlọ ọrụ, na ugbo. Ke adianade do, ọtụtụ nnyocha e mere ka ike na-elekọta na-enwe ọganihu na ahụ ike na ngalaba ulo oru.

Na Soviet Union nnukwu nnyocha mmemme e gbapụ. Emepe elu ọhụrụ nnyocha institutes. Ya mere, na 1934, Vavilov tọrọ ntọala Physics Institute, Academy nke Sciences, na n'otu oge ahụ na oru Institute of Organic Chemistry. 1937 - afọ nke ntọala nke Institute of Geophysics. Ọrụ ya ahụ gaa n'ihu site physiologist Pavlov na breeder Michurin. Dị ka a n'ihi nke ọmụmụ ekenịmde ọkà mmụta sayensị mere ọtụtụ nchoputa ke iche iche ọzụzụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ nke ada ọgụgụ isi nwere nke ala arọ mmebi e mere.

ndị agha oge

Revival nke Soviet sayensị mere na 1950, na Academy nke Sciences research eme duuru ndị a afọ. Academy nke Sciences e weghachiri eweghachi, na niile mba nke mba. Nke a mere ka o kwe omume na-ewe nchọpụta Kemịkalụ ma na-enwe akara n'elu emefu ego ekenyela site na steeti a okirikiri.

Ugbua ke ufọt ufọt fifties, a na-eto eto nwere mmasị ohere ngagharị. Na mpaghara ebe a, a na-eto eto ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. E nwere ihe pụrụ iche akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ikike iche na mahadum. All a na-eme purposely maka agụmakwụkwọ na-eto eto ọkà mmụta sayensị.

1957 wetara a ezigbo ụjọ na ụwa nke sayensị. Ọ bụ n'afọ nke egbe nke mbụ wuru Earth satellite. Country dịtụ na-adịbeghị anya na-emerụ ahụ a jọgburu onwe ya agha, ọ bụghị nanị nwetaghachiri ya na nkà mmụta sayensị nwere, ma na-na-a ndú na nkà mmụta sayensị na-enwe ọganihu. Ihe omume a meghere a ọhụrụ oge nke ndi mmadu na-n'otu oge ahụ bụ mmalite nke "ohere agbụrụ" na United States, nke na-achọghị ida ya zuru ụwa ọnụ ịtụkwasị obi.

Na 1959, Soviet satellite see ọnwa. Nke a ọhụrụ kwalite Russia si ugwu na obodo nke uwa. Ugbua na mmalite sixties, ndị Soviet Union ghọrọ nke abụọ mgbe US superpower na ụwa. America sogidesiri mba anyị naanị site akụ na ụba ha nwere.

April 12, 1961, e nwere onye ọzọ na-echeghị omume, nke e mbụ kọwara ọrụ ya akụkọ ifo. N'ụbọchị a, nwoke mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na oru n'ime ohere na laghachi Earth.

Na afọ 80 na mba anyị, anyị malitere mmepe na mmepụta nke oge a electronic kọmputa - kọmputa. Nke a na Usoro bụ kọmpat na adịghị ogide dum ụlọ na ụlọ. Ndị a bụ ndị afọ mgbe Soviet Union nọrọ na nkà mmụta sayensị na akporo nke nnukwu ihe onwunwe, bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke obodo mmefu ego. Nke a nwere ike imeli, ọ dịghị obodo ke ererimbot.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị buru ibu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ọmụmụ sayensị rụrụ na Russia, e nwere ọtụtụ nke ndị nwere na-anọgide na-ka nwere a ịrịba mmetụta na nkà mmụta sayensị na nkà na ụzụ na-enwe ọganihu nke obodo nke uwa. Anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere ọtụtụ nchoputa na ubi nke chemical, ndu, anụ ahụ na engineering sayensị. Ndị a gụnyere ndị na nchọpụta nke onu nke paramagnetic resonance E. K. Zavoyskim. The ọrụ dị mkpa na-egwuri site Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị na lebara ihe nuclear ike.