Gịnị na-eme polyethylene? Production nke polyethylene. Isiokwu nke polyethylene

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị, ụfọdụ nchoputa eme site na mberede, na-ewu ewu ihe taa bụ mgbe a byproduct nke ọ bụla na ahụmahụ. Ezi site ohere a chọpụtara aniline dyes maka akwa, nke nyere ndị e mesịrị akụ na ụba na nkà na ụzụ itunanya ke n'ji ụlọ ọrụ. A ụdị akụkọ mere na polyethylene.

Oghere nke ihe

The mbụ ahụ nke na mmepụta nke polyethylene mere na 1898. N'oge na-ekpo ọkụ na-elu-nke German si diamezotana mmiri ọgwụ Hans von Pehman hụrụ ala nke tube bụghị a iju aftertaste. The ihe onwunwe dị nnọọ oké na ele anya dị ka wax, ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọrụ ibe ya kpọrọ ya polimetillinom. Next ohere na otu a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ga-esi na ya pụta bụ fọrọ nke nta echefu echefu, mmasị, ọ dịghị onye pụta. Ma echiche eyịride na ikuku, na-achọ a pragmatic obibia. Nke ahụ bụ ihe mere, na iri atọ na iberibe afọ, polyethylene ka e re-meghere dị ka a random ngwaahịa nke a na-emezughị nnwale.

The British ekemende ma merie

Modern polyethylene ihe mụrụ laabu Imperial Chemical Industries of England. E. Fawcett na R. Gibson ekenịmde nwere na elu na ala nsogbu gas na chọpụtara na otu nke ọnụ art, nwere e duziri nke, kpuchie amaghị waxy umi. Mmasị n'akụkụ mmetụta, ha mere ka ọtụtụ mgbalị iji nweta umi, ma o nweghị isi.

Synthesize polima n'ọnọdu M. Perrin, onye na-arụ nke otu ụlọ ọrụ na afọ abụọ. Ọ bụ ya na onye kere technology na kpụrụ ihe ndabere maka ulo oru na mmepụta nke polyethylene. The Njirimara na àgwà nke ihe onwunwe iche naanị site n'itinye dị iche iche akpali. Uka nke polyethylene mmepụta malitere na 1938, ọ na-patented na 1936.

ngwaọrụ

Polyethylene - a siri ike polima na-acha ọcha na agba. Ọ na-ezo aka a na klas nke organic ogige. Gịnị na-eme polyethylene? The akụrụngwa n'ihi ya nkwadebe bụ ethylene gas. Gas polymerized na elu na ala nsogbu a nwetara na mmepụta nri pellets maka inwekwu were. N'ihi na ụfọdụ Filiks polyethylene na-emepụta na a ntụ ntụ ụdị.

The isi ụdị nke

Ka ụbọchị, ndị polima na-emepụta na ihe abụọ bụ isi akara ule nke LDPE na PNP. Ihe mere na nkezi mgbali nke ikwu ọhụrụ mepụtara, ma ke ogologo okwu nọmba nke atara ngwaahịa ga na-eto eto anọgide na njikọ na rụọ e ji mara na a dum ubi nke ngwa.

Maka azụmahịa were, ndị na-esonụ ụdị nke ihe onwunwe (ọmụmụ):

• Low njupụta ma ọ bụ a dị iche iche aha - elu-nsogbu (HDPE, LDPE).
• High-njupụta ma ọ bụ ala nsogbu (LDPE LDPE).
• Linear polyethylene, ma ọ bụ polyethylene ajụ nsogbu.

E nwere ndị ọzọ ụdị nke polyethylene, ọ bụla nke nwere ya Njirimara na ubi nke ngwa. The particulate polima na mmepụta usoro na-kwukwara iche iche colorants aka na-enweta ndị na nwa polyethylene, red ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ na agba.

JHA

Production nke polyethylene na-emekwa ụfọdụ na chemical ụlọ ọrụ. Gas ethylene - akụkụ bụ isi (nke bụ nke na-polyethylene), ma ọ bụghị naanị otu onye chọrọ iji nweta ihe onwunwe.

Nkwadebe nke HDPE n'akparamagwa autoclaves, tubular ngwa agha. LDPE akara ule arụpụtara na autoclave, dị ka State Standard, e nwere asatọ. enwetara iri abụọ na otu ụdị nke elu-njupụta polyethylene si a tubular chernobyl.

N'ihi na njikọ nke PvP chọrọ ime ndị na-esonụ ọnọdụ:

• Okpomọkụ nso - site na 200 na 250 Celsius C.
• Mkpali - ọcha oxygen, peroxide (organic).
• Pressure nke 150 300 MPa.

Poimerizirovannaya ibu ke akpa na-adọ nwere a mmiri mmiri ala, na mgbe ahụ na-akpali na separator, dịrị gaba n'ime ebe ndị granulator, ebe ịkpụzi ihe onwunwe nke okokụre nsogbu dị iche iche.

LDPE quality eji maka mmepụta nke nkwakọ fim, termoplenok, multilayer nkwakọ. Ọzọkwa elu-njupụta polyethylene eji na akpakanamde, chemical na nri ọrụ. N'ihi na ọ na-eme elu-edu inogide ọkpọkọ eji na residential oru.

linear polyethylene

Gịnị na-eme a na-ajụ-mgbali polyethylene ma ọ bụ linear polyethylene?

• The kpo oku okpomọkụ ruo 120 Celsius C.
• Mode nrụgide 4 MPa.
• Stimulator usoro - mkpali (Ziegler-Natta mkpali na a ngwakọta nke titanium chloride compound melalloorganicheskim).

The usoro na-esonyere ọdịda nke polyethylene n'ụdị flakes, nke na-ahụ si n'etiti ndị usoro ngwọta, sochiri granulation.

Nke a na ụdị polyethylene e ji a elu njupụta, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide na dọkatụrụ adọka. The nọ nke ngwa dị iche iche na iche iche nke nkwakọ fim, gụnyere ọkụ ndochi ihe / ngwaahịa. Of granular ihe nke polima ụdị arụpụtara akụkụ maka nēfe nnukwu igwe, egbochi ihe ihe, elu ike ọjà, n'ji ngwongwo , na otú pụta.

High njupụta polyethylene

ANP nwere atọ n'ichepụta usoro. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eji usoro nke "nkwusioru polymerization". The usoro nke inweta EOR etịbe metụtara slurry na mgbe nile na-n'ahụhụ nke feedstock, ndị mkpali na-achọrọ na-amalite usoro.

Nke abụọ kasị nkịtị usoro nke mmepụta bụ a ngwọta polymerisation n'okpuru nduzi nke okpomọkụ na mkpali òkè. The usoro bụ nnọọ oru oma, ebe ọ bụ na n'oge na-polymerization ndị mkpali na-meghachi omume na n'ihi polima tụfuru ụfọdụ nke ya àgwà.

The ikpeazụ nke mmepụta ụzọ bụ PNP gas na-adọ polymerization, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka-arahụ, ma mgbe ụfọdụ etịbe na ụfọdụ osisi. The usoro na-ewe ebe site agwakọta na akụrụngwa gas na-adọ n'okpuru nduzi nke mgbasa. The ikpeazụ polima a nwetara na a nonuniform Ọdịdị na njupụta, nke na-emetụta àgwà nke okokụre ngwaahịa.

Production nke HDPE emee n'oge ndị na-esonụ mode:

• The okpomọkụ na-nọgidere na-enwe site na 120 ° C 150 Celsius C.
• Pressure ekwesịghị gafere 2 MPa.
• Polymerization akpali (Ziegler-Natta mkpali na a ngwakọta nke titanium chloride compound melalloorganicheskim).

A na ihe onwunwe nke a n'ichepụta usoro e ji rigidity, elu njupụta, ala elasticity. Ya mere, akporo nke ya ngwa bụ na ụlọ ọrụ. Nka na ụzụ polyethylene eji maka mmepụta nke nnukwu-size containers na elu ike e ji mara. Ina ke ewu ụlọ ọrụ, chemical ụlọ ọrụ, n'ihi na mmepụta nke n'ji ngwongwo, ọ fọrọ obere na-adịghị emetụta.

Njirimara

Polyethylene-eguzogide mmiri, ọtụtụ iche iche nke solvents, asịd (organic, inorganic), anaghị eme na salts. Na combustion ewepụtarịrị a ísì paraffin, e nwere a na-egbukepụ egbukepụ-acha anụnụ anụnụ tint, obere ọkụ. Decomposition na-adị mgbe ọ gụrụ nitric acid, chlorine na fluorine na gaseous ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na steeti. Na ịka nká, nke pụtara na ikuku, ihe cross-njikọ-guzobere n'agbata molekụla ígwè, na-eme ihe kenkuwa, crumbly.

n'ji quality

Polyethylene - a pụrụ iche ihe na mbụ ke n'ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ. O yighị na nkezi n'ji ga-enwe ike ịmata ya na otú ọtụtụ ihe si na ya chere ya ihu kwa ụbọchị. The zuru ụwa ọnụ ntọhapụ Polymers polyethylene ewe ọdụm òkè nke ahịa - 31% nke ngụkọta oké anụ ụlọ ngwaahịa.

Dabere na, nke ka nke polyethylene na mmepụta technology, ya quality kpebisiri ike. Nke a ihe onwunwe na-agwakọta mgbe ụfọdụ na-emegide e ji mara: mgbanwe na ike, ductility na ike, ike tensile na dọkatụrụ adọka-eguzogide, iguzogide ike ike gburugburu na ndu elekọta mmadụ. Na-adị kwa ụbọchị ndụ anyị na-eji ngwugwu nke dị iche iche njupụta, disposable tableware, plastic okpu, akụkụ nke ezinụlọ ngwa na ndị ọzọ.

ngwa

Ngwa nke polyethylene ngwaahịa na ọ bụghị nanị, ọ bụla ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mmadụ ọrụ so foto ndị a:

• The kasị n'ọtụtụ ebe na polima nwetara ke imewe nke nkwakọ ihe. On a akụkụ nke ngwa dị mkpa banyere 35% nke ngwaọrụ emepụta. Ndị dị otú ahụ were na-agu n'onye ezi omume gryazeootalkivayuschimi Njirimara, enweghị nchebe maka ọdịdị ero na microorganisms. Otu nke kechioma achọta - a plastic uwe, nke nwere obosara ngwa. Site ná mgbanwe ogologo nke ya ezi uche, onye ọrụ a na-ejedebeghị na obosara nke ngwugwu naanị.
• Ye emi ke ekikere, site na nke a mere polyethylene, ọ na-aghọ doro anya ihe mere na ọ ghọrọ-ewu ewu dị ka onye nke kasị mma-egbochi ihe ihe. Onye nke ya chọọ-mgbe àgwà na mpaghara ebe a bụ na enweghị eletriki conductivity. Ọzọkwa oké mkpa mmiri repellency Njirimara, nke e ji mee ihe na mmepụta nke waterproofing ihe.
• Iguzogide ndị ebibi ihe nke mmiri dị ka a mgbaze, na-enyere na-emepụta ọkpọkọ mere nke polyethylene maka ezinụlọ na ulo oru na-eji ọkụ.
• Na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ na àgwà nke ụda mkpuchi nke polyethylene ji, ya ala thermal conductivity. A Njirimara ndị bara uru ke imewe na ya isi ihe maka thermal mkpuchi nke residential na ulo oru ụlọ. Polyethylene na-eji maka oru mkpuchi nke kpo oku mains na n'ibu injinịa na na.
• Ọ bụghị obere eguzogide ọgwụ ike ike media ihe nke chemical ụlọ ọrụ, polyethylene ọkpọkọ eji chemical laboratories na ọrụ.
• The polyethylene uru na nkà mmụta ọgwụ dị ka dressings, prosthetic aka na ụkwụ, ọ na-eji na dentistry, wdg

Ụzọ nke nhazi

Dabere na n'ụzọ nke ndị granular akụrụngwa e esichara ga-adabere na ika nke polyethylene a nwetara. Common ụzọ:

• Extrusion (extrusion). Ọ na-eji maka imewe nke ọjà, nkwakọ ngwaahịa na ndị ọzọ ụdị film, mpempe akwụkwọ ihe n'ihi na ewu na mma, n'ichepụta Gịnị, mere plastic sooks na ndị ọzọ na ngwaahịa.
• Nkedo, Thermo-agụụ na-akpụ usoro. Tumadi eji maka n'ichepụta nkwakọ ihe, igbe wdg
• Extrusion igbu ịkpụzi, rotational. Site usoro a na-enwetara volumetric ikike, a nnukwu nkwakọ containers.
• Mkwado. N'ihi na ụfọdụ technology n'ime guzobere uka polyethylene Tọrọ nwee ume ọcha (metal) inye a na-ewu ihe onwunwe nke mụbara na ike, ma na-erughị na-eri.

Gịnị na-eme polyethylene, e wezụga isi mmiri nke bekee? Ọ bụ amanyere bụ iwu hazie mkpali na nwekwara ịgbanwe Njirimara, àgwà nke okokụre ihe onwunwe.

Recycling

Pee-eguzogide - ọ bụ ya plus dị ka n'ji ngwongwo na ya na-ezighị ezi, dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi na-emetọ ihe. Ka ụbọchị, ọ na-aghọ mkpa imegharị ihe maka iji - imegharị ihe maka iji. All akara ule nke polyethylene nwere ike itighachi na nd-converted n'ime a granular akụrụngwa site na nke ọ bụ omume na-eme ọtụtụ chọọ-mgbe ibu na ulo oru oriri.

Polyethylene mkpuchite, akpa, karama ga-amalite irekasị na a landfill ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na-akwakọba wastes imebi mkpa eke ego. The ụwa omume na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nhazi ụlọ ọrụ polyethylene. N'ezie obon mkpofu, dị na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ebu ya reorganization, agbaji. N'ihi ya, e nwere akụ na-azọpụta, gburugburu ebe obibi-echebe ma na mmepụta nke marketable ngwaahịa.