Kenkwucha agha "Tochka-U": e ji mara

July 29, 2014 na American ozi ọma ọwa CNN mara ọkwa na ụwa na na oru n'agha, nke bụ Ukraine, a ballistic agha "Tochka-U" ọ bụ kwesŽrŽ agafe obodo ókè-ala. Ọ dịkarịa ala, na ọ bụ ihe omimi ozi. Gịnị nwere ike ịbụ na ọtụtụ ndị chere na ebumnuche nke na-amalite ihe nwere ike ịbụ na mba ọzọ? Gịnị ka ọ bụ? Ma ọ bụrụ na lekwasịrị e odude ke Ukraine, mere maka mbibi ya iji ballistic agba? E nwere ọtụtụ ajụjụ ...

Ihe ọ bụla ọ bụ, ma kpomkwem n'ihi na nke ihe ndị a, ọha na eze bịara nwee mmasị na kenkwucha usoro "Tochka-U".

A diplomatic merenụ

Otu n'ime isi ajụjụ bụ otú yiri njehie mere mgbe ị na-akpali ndị agha ka lekwasịrị? Iji zaa ajụjụ a, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na Ọdịdị nke ụdị ngwá agha.

Ukrainian agha ozugbo kwuru ya dị ọcha, na-akpọ nnọọ atọ mere ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Akpa, ballistic agba ke ọrụ na-enweghị APU. Nke abuo, ha nwetara. Na thirdly, Ukraine agha adịghị eji ha. Mgbe ahụ, na-ebute ụzọ nke US State Department, ẹkenịmde a nzukọ nke ndị nnọchianya ya na Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov, nke ikpeazụ ọzọ obi ike na agha bụ na ókèala ndị Russian Federation. On a mere e chie ike agwụ, ọ bụ ezie na ndị agha "Tochka-U" guzo, site ụzọ, na-arụ ọrụ nke Ukraine agha, ọ na-adaba na definition nke a omimi "àjà ihe ọṅụṅụ kpọmkwem ngwá agha" na-agbalị mmenyenjo-edu ndú nke DNR na LNR Prime Minister Yatsenyuk. Ọ dịkarịa ala, ihe ọ bụla ihe ezi APU doro anya anaghị enweta.

Esi n'ezie n'ime ihe ọ bụla na-emezughị. Ma nke a apụtaghị na e nweghị na-anwa. Military ọkachamara iru dị iche iche ihe ịma aka inwe echiche, na-achọta ụfọdụ aghota nagbata ọma echiche roket agha Israel na Siria agha merenụ. The kasị ezi uche ọtụtụ bụ version dị ka nke anọ Ukrainian agba "Tochka-U" gbara ala site na Russian agbachitere usoro. Ọ dịghị akwụkwọ àmà nke a, ma ụfọdụ nke mara eziokwu na-atụ aro nke a echiche.

Ya mere, ihe ụdị agha bụ na ebe o si puta Ukraine? Mgbe na ebe ha na-emepụta? Olee otú ochie bụ Kacha ọhụrụ ụdị? Gịnị bụ ndị e ji mara ụdị ngwá agha? Olee otú ha ga-eji na ihe mere ha e kere? Gịnị warheads ya ike na-ebu? Ònye pụrụ jikwaa a mgbagwoju?

On a na ndị ọzọ mbipụta n'ụzọ doro anya na isiokwu a ga-aza na-enweghị na-enweghị isi nkọwa.

Kenkwucha ụta na agha mgbanwe echiche

All ngwá agha nuklia na-ekewa n'ime isi ihe abụọ ige. Strategic akụ ụta, mmiri n'okpuru osimiri nuclear nsoro na ogologo nso ụgbọelu na ebubo na ndị dị oké mkpa maka ngwa nke kacha, na-ebibi ihe mmebi nke aku na uba, na onye-iro nke mba na ihe omume nke a zuru ụwa ọnụ agha. Ma, e nwekwara obere dị ike, bụrụkwa ọrụ nke frontline see - ha na-akpọ kenkwucha. rọketi "Point" e kere n'ihi nzube a na 1965 site na Soviet injinia nke Bureau "ọwa". O nwere ezi arụmọrụ, ma site na njedebe nke sixties, ha akwụsịwo izute chọrọ nke ndị agha. Na ngwa nke nuclear warheads pụrụ iche ziri ezi enweghị, ma n'oge a na ndị mba ọzọ na ndụ kemgbe a mgbanwe na-emetụta ọdịdị nke na-azara ọnụ ozizi. Strategic agha, we chiri ọrụ nke zuru ụwa ọnụ containment na guarantor nke territorial ike n'ezi ihe nke socialist mba, ma ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo esemokwu amụbawo. The echiche nke itinye spetszaryadov n'oge Vietnam agha, ma ọ bụ na Middle East, nwere ike gara mmadụ na-ekpo ọkụ isi, ma dabara nke ọma, o nweghị isi. Meenụ ọrụ nke ot mgbọ, ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka kpọrọ mma izi ezi nke ọkụkụ lekwasịrị. Na n'otu oge ahụ dịkwuo nso. The ikpe e nyere Design Bureau of Machine Building. Zoro ezo alụmdi na umeala aha mere SP anwụ anwụ. Aha nna-ekwu okwu.

The ọhụrụ agha

Design akwụkwọ maka gara aga nlereanya rọketi e bufere MSC si ICD "ọwa". Ndị a ihe gosiri na a akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ya, ịzọpụta a ọtụtụ oge na mgbalị. Ọ na-azọpụta a otutu mmiri, mgbakọ na usoro, a ụdị ule bed nke jere ozi dị rọketi "Point". The ọhụrụ nlereanya, ndị ọzọ njikwa, gụnyere a gas ugboelu, destabilizer kagburu, gbanwetụrụ akara na nduzi technology. N'ihi ya, ịrịba ọrụ ike aka arụmọrụ injinia n'oge afọ 1968-1971 enweta apogee na perigee ụba. Na - ọtụtụ ihe - lekwasịrị kụrụ bụ kpọmkwem. Ule e duziri na Kapustin yar igba egbe na saịtị, na na 1973 na State Commission nabatara oru ngo. Ọ malitere mmepụta. The prototypes na-arụpụtara na Volgograd osisi "barricades" (amalite-elu na akara usoro) na Votkinsk Machine Building Plant (bọmbụ). The usoro wee n'ime usoro Arọ Machinery Plant Petropavlovsk. Ke adianade do, dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ nke na-azara ọnụ mgbagwoju nke mba ahụ nile iwu mmiri e enịm. Mmezu Iwu doo n'ime ọrụ ama ada itie ke 1975, ha na-agwụ agwụ na Army na divisional larịị.

Ọzọkwa modernization nke mgbagwoju ada itie ke ufọt ufọt eighties. Anyị na-sonye na akaụntụ na ihe dị iche iche ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke ọrụ, nke na Transbaikalia na Central Asia na-eduzi ọzọ ule.

Kenkwucha agha "Tochka-U" (nke ahụ bụ aha ọhụrụ n'ihi na nke a ngwá agha) e wuru na obodo nke Votkinsk.

Point-to-P na ọhụrụ usoro nduzi

The mbụ ule ebupụta malitere na 1971, ha mepụtara ihe factory ọkachamara. N'ime afọ abụọ, ọ rụrụ finishing na nke ikpeazụ mkpebi siri ike nke ime nke data ala iji. Atụmatụ kpamkpam haziri elu ọrụ. The ndiiche si n'obi lekwasịrị mere gafere 250 mita na a kacha nta anya nke 15 kilomita na a kacha nke ruo 70.

Na mma-ezubere iche usoro. "Point-P" nwere ike iji n'ezinụlọ isi maka nduzi na redio na Rada radieshon na kọwakwuru nso nke ya ngwa ma kwere na ojiji nke a ngwá agha na-ebelata iro ikuku chebe onwe ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya usu ndi nāpunara madu akara usoro na nkwurịta okwu nwere onye iro. Na mpaghara abụọ hectare meriri ziri ezi ụba - ugbu a, ọ bụ na 45 mita.

Ọ bụ a dị ezigbo mma arụmọrụ.

oru

Kenkwucha ojiji nke ngwá agha na-egosi na o na-awakpo obere zaa, n'okpuru nke ndị agha ịghọta obere na nnukwu ọdụ ụgbọelu, ụlọ ọrụ, na nkwukọrịta emmepe, n'ụlọ nkwakọba, nchekwa ụlọ ọrụ, n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ụgbọ mmiri na ndị ọzọ na akụrụngwa, akpan akpan oge nke enweta agha pụtara.

The akụkụ nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ a na-apụghị na-akpọ miniature. About kụrụ ballistic agba (ọbụna obere) na-arụrụ ụlọ, ụgbọ mmiri, ụgbọelu, helikọpta ma ọ bụ a okporo ígwè ụgbọala na okwu ike na-aga. Fụọnụ dakwasịrị ndị ebe, nke mepụtara kwakọbakwa dị iche iche mara Nchaji warheads.

N'oge mgbe a na ndị Soviet Army banyere agha "Tochka-U" na mba na iyi ọha egwu Soviet ụmụ amaala mụtara tumadi si mmemme "Time", na ọbụna mgbe ahụ bụ naanị mgbe ohuru na ọnọdụ na Ulster. Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ọtụtụ afọ gosiri na nke a tactic ike bara uru na nke na-agha megide òtù ndị omempụ, akpan akpan, ibibi bases nke militants na ha ọzụzụ ahụhụ. Ma ọ bụla ikpe abụghị iji bọmbụ "Tochka-U" maka firing na residential ebe nke obodo ma ọ bụ obodo nta. N'agbanyeghị otú elu bụ ziri ezi, nweta nhọrọ mbibi nke ndị agha dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ gbara ya gburugburu nkịtị agaghị ekwe omume.

Na ala na mmiri

Onwe ya, a rọketi ulo oru si obubata nwere ike ịbụ. na mobile usoro a kọlụm nke ọtụtụ ugbo ala, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nke dịgasị dabere ọrụ. Firstly, ị chọrọ a obubata, nke na-agụnye na igba egbe nke agba "Tochka-U". Ma, ọ bụghị n'ihi nke a otu shot e kere mgbagwoju! Maka UE ga kọlụm esịnede odori na ụgbọ njem na ígwè ọrụ, obere akara na ule ojii na ogbako mmezi. The Tammy na-ebuga na pụrụ iche containers haziri maka njem n'enweghị nke mgbọ. The odori igwe na-onwem na-ejizi akụrụngwa. Equipment na ngwaọrụ bu n'obi ịchịkwa ahụ ike nke usoro na mmiri. E nwere fọrọ nke nta niile na ihe omume nke ọnọdụ mberede.

A mmanụ ụgbọala tanka dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ na ga-aga karịrị anya (karịrị 650 kilomita - nke a bụ ike idobere). Rọketi tucked na mmepụta, o nwere siri ike-propellant moto.

Ịnyagharịa mgbagwoju ike ọ fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla teren, ọbụna na mmiri. Speed nke ije bụ a ezi ụzọ - ruo 60 km / h, na unyi ụzọ - 40 km / h n'elu ike ike teren - 15 km / h. Mgbe na-eji a mmiri-ugboelu engines igwe merie mmiri mgbochi na a ọsọ nke 8 km / h. The ọrụ ndụ nke ugbo ala bụ 15 puku kilomita.

Spetszaryady

"Tochka-U" - a ballistic agha. Akụkụ ya, ọ bụ ezie ọzọ obi umeala karịa nke usoro nnukwu anụ, ma ọ bụ zuru ezu na-atụle ka o kwe omume ụgbọelu spetszaryadov. N'okpuru a okwu ndị agha ịghọta ngwá agha ọgwụrụ, nuclear, na chemical. Iji tie ha a igbu ka onye iro, ị chọrọ kwekọrọ ekwekọ isi akụkụ, nke a na-akpọ mara batrị ogige. Kenkwucha agha "Tochka-U" nwere ike n'ụzọ na nuclear warheads, dabere na chọrọ ike nke gbawaranụ. N'ihi ya, isi òkè nwere a 9N39 TNT Ẹkot ka otu narị kilotons na 9N64 - ruo na narị abụọ.

Na ngwa nke nuclear spetszaryadov, nke nwere ike n'ụzọ na a rọketi "Point-U", na okirikiri nke lesion (siri ike), tùa site na ehiwe, ga-ihe karịrị iri na ise kilomita.

N'ihi na-eduzi nke kenkwucha chemical agha warheads nyere 9N123G na 9N123G2-1 nwere 65 sub-mmewere RH na ego nke 60,5 na 50,5 n'arọ, karị ( "Soman").

ot munitions

Nomenclature ọgbụgba ọkụ mgbọ nyere wider. Warhead elu-agbawa agbawa 9N123F omume emebi enye 162 n'arọ nke TNT, achụsakwa fọrọ nke nta iri na ise na puku iberibe. N'ihi na ihe ndị kasị mkpa mmetụta nke ikpeazụ nghogbu na-eme ka ngwá agha "Tochka-U". Lesion ebe e nyere atọ acres gharazie isi na a elu nke 20 mita mgbe resetting a ballistic trajectory na a n'ụzọ nkpoda ọdịda mode. The axis nke cone razbroska iberibe obibi mụbaa ọkụ mpaghara.

Mezie isi òkè mejupụtara 9N123K iri ise ọcha (onye ọ bụla site ibu banyere asatọ kilogram) jupụtara na egbu ọcha ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nso 16 puku. Onye ọ bụla cassette bụ ihe analọg nke ndị nkịtị mgbochi pesonel grenade, naanị ibu. Munition ebibi n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè nchedo ihe na mpaghara asaa hectare.

Ọ dịkwa ike ojiji nke agba "Tochka-U" maka ịgbasa okwu nduhie akwụkwọ.

Kenkwucha oru na nkọwa

Maka kenkwucha agba dị mkpa, ọ bụghị nanị na kacha elu nso, ma na-na kacha nta. Ma ọ bụghị onye iro ga-enwe ike-abịa nso nke ahụ ga-à gụpụrụ, ya mere nnọọ ize ndụ. The parabola na steepest ụzọ 15 kilometa ala - na nke a bụ nnọọ obere anya, nke nwere ike igba "Point-U" (ballistic agha). ụgbọ elu e ji mara na nke a bụ dị ka ndị a: elu - ruo 26 puku mita, Rod - 9800 kN, na engine na-agba ọsọ - ruo 28 sekọnd .. Mgbe ahụ ụgbọ elu na-aga na a ballistic trajectory.

Ọ bụrụ na lekwasịrị n'elu mmiri, na ntọala ga-abụ ubé dị iche iche. Oke elu (apogee) tụlee budata. 2 nkeji 16 sekọnd a agha ga-emeri 120 km - bụ kacha nso nke agha "Tochka-U".

Iji mepụta ọma firings mkpa na arụmọrụ nke nkenye ọnọdụ nke ọgụ ndi oru ugbo. A zụrụ nke ọma na ndi oru ugbo obubata, esịnede mmadụ anọ, ike ịsụgharị mgbagwoju nke ụgbọala na-alụ ọgụ ọnọdụ maka 16 nkeji, nke a bụ na-emekarị. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa ka na-amalite a maara tupu, mgbe ahụ dị nnọọ nkeji abụọ mgbe otu alaghachi mmalite, a ga-mere. Warhead erikpu fọrọ nke nta ọkara a ton ga-ofufe ka lekwasịrị. rọketi ọsọ "Tochka-U" ruo otu kilometa kwa nke abụọ,

Onye ọ bụla ụdị aka e mere iji dozie kpọmkwem ihe aga-eme, nke na, dabere kpọmkwem ọnọdụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ obere n'obosara. Ngwá agha - a ụdị ngwá ọrụ, mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ ga-nnọọ ike na ike ike, mgbe ndị ọzọ ahụ, ọ dị mma iji ihe ndị na-apụtachaghị na siri. Kenkwucha ballistic mgbọ, n'agbanyeghị elu kpọmkwem ezubere iche, apụghị inye a doro anya electoral mmeri, ya mere na ụmụ mmadụ bijupụtara na ebe ha na-adịghị eji.

The bara uru ngwa nke kenkwucha

The agha "Tochka-U", na okirikiri nke meriri n'ime nzube nke nke adịghị gafere 120 kilomita, zuru okè n'ihi ebibi eyi ọha egwu ndọkwasi nile na ahụhụ dị iche iche dị na ugwu ma ọ bụ na mbara ọzara. N'oge mbụ mkpọsa na Bosnia, Chechnya, e ji mee ihe maka ya bipụta ya, nzube, nke a na-e dere ha diaries, memoirs, General GN Troshev (akwụkwọ a na-akpọ "Chechen ezumike"). Akụkụ nke si eme nke na-eji nke a mgbọ presupposes na iwu nke a pụrụ ịdabere na data na kpọmkwem na-achịkọta ndị lekwasịrị anya. Ọmụma dị otú ahụ n'oge nwere ike nye ohere ngagharị (na ikpe nke kwesịrị ekwesị ihu igwe n'elu ihe nkiri nke arụmọrụ na enweghị eke edịpde n'ígwé ojii nke ọkụ na mpaghara). Ọ na-adịghị ewepu na ojiji nke ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-natara site ruru eru mmadụ, ndị nwere ahụmahụ nke na-arụ ọrụ na topographic map.

Na March 2000, nso obodo nke Komsomolsk ... Ọ maara na a na mpaghara e ụlọikwuu nke militants. The ihe na-ọma e wusiri ike, e wusiri ike larịị dị otú ahụ na mgbe na-agbalị wakpo-apụghị izere ezere arọ weere nke pesonel. Near obodo, na-ebibi na, n'ezie, agaghị ekwe omume. The mgbawa nke ndị agha "Tochka-U" kpuchie nzere ebe, na a dị ike òtù kwụsịrị ịdị adị, na ọ na-abụghị na-agha, nke mere ọma kwadebere. Ụdị nsogbu na-edozi na kenkwucha agha agha n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke n'ihu, ileda weere na ọbọ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, akụkụ dị mkpa nke nke bụ ọzụzụ magburu onwe calculations.

Otu ukwuu ruru eru crews gosiri Russian nkewa n'oge 2008 ihe ndị dị na South Osisha. Si anagide yiri ihe aga-eme Siria agha n'igbochi antigovernmental mutiny. Ha ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị na-emekarị isi nke-eyi ọha egwu na desert.

Dị otú ahụ marksmanship nwere ike ghara ịnya isi nke Ukraine. Akụ ụta "Tochka-U", mba ketara a ketara si Soviet Union nwere ike na-ama karịa ha adị ndụ (ọ bụ afọ iri). Ke 2000, n'oge a ọzụzụ mmega na firing nso Goncharov, ọ bụ na igba egbe, nke gburu atọ na merụrụ ise bi Brovary (Kyiv mpaghara.). The warhead e etinyere ọzụzụ, na-enweghị ụgwọ, ma ọ bụghị ndị ahụ tara gaara a otutu.

mmezi nke mgbagwoju

Control ngwá "Point" bụ nnọọ mgbagwoju anya mgbagwoju. Inweta ndị dị mkpa ruru eru na-ewe ọtụtụ ọnwa, ma n'otu oge, ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ndị kasị mma ọnọdụ (adịghị agba ọsọ nke adị ndụ, nkà ngụkọta oge na enweghị nke nọ n'ọrụ mmegide site n'aka onye iro) kụrụ a full nkwa si akpa mmalite-elu e. The agha "Tochka-U" elu-nkenke agha abụghị. Ọkachamara na-ekwu na ihe kasị mma pụta ga-enweta na ntọhapụ nke anọ shells, otu onye nke bụ ukwuu puru omume na na njedebe nke ballistic trajectory ga-n'ime a dịpụrụ adịpụ ruo nke iri puku kwuru iri mita si lekwasịrị anya. Ọ ga na-gaa na akaụntụ eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụkpụrụ nke oge gafeworonụ kemgbe mmepe nke a dị mgbagwoju agbanweela. The iji "ihe" mbuso agha, nnupụisi militias arụ ọrụ nso niile, ọ bụghị nanị na-amaghị ma omempụ, karịsịa nyere ala nzere nke rọketi calculations.