London Stock Exchange: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke e kere eke

The London Stock Exchange bụ ndị kasị ochie na Europe nke ẹdude. Ke adianade do, ọ bụ ma ama n'ihi na ya internationality: n'ihi na ọ na-agụnye 340 ụlọ ọrụ si mba 60, 2004 data. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na e nwere 21 ndị ọzọ na UK ahịa, ndị kasị ewu ewu ka na-anọgide London. On ya anyị ga-agwa gị na a n'isiokwu a.

Ọdịdị

The London Stock Exchange nwere atọ isi ahịa: ukara, unregistered ala na ọzọ investments.

• Official Market. The kasị ibu nke e mere maka ụlọ ọrụ na a akpan akpan akụkọ ihe mere eme na ịdị adị nke ọkpụrụkpụ isi obodo. Ọ nwere ihe abụọ nkewa: mba na anụ ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ.
• Unlisted ala ahịa. Ọ pụtara na 1980 iji nye ọrụ obere sịrị. N'ụzọ dị mwute, nnwale bụ a ọdịda, na n'ihi na nke ala liquidity na mmalite nke 90s ahịa kagbuo.
• Alternative Investment Market. Ọ we bilie ke ufọt ufọt 1995 maka mmezi nke obere sịrị. Otu n'ime ihe ndị ọhụrụ na-aga ime na-adịghị isiokwu na-pụrụ iche chọrọ na okwu nke kacha nta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ọrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbak ama etinye n'ime mgbasa. Ọ na-ebelata chọrọ maka na nke nke kacha nta ego. Ma liberalization ke 1997 ka pụtara na London Stock Exchange tightened iwu àjà.

akụkọ

Ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 16 trades na ala rụrụ na kọfị ụlọ ahịa ma ọ bụ n'okporo ámá. Na 1566, ọ bịara si Holland Thomas Gresham chọrọ iwu a iche iche ụlọ maka ndị a na nzube. O kwuru na ya ga-eme ya na-efu ha, ma choro na ndị obodo na gọọmenti na-ahụ a kwesịrị ekwesị ebe. Na ego nke ego anakọtara na 3500 pound size zụrụ nri ibé ala. Na 1570, na oghere nke Royal Exchange.

ọhụrụ Exchange

N'ụzọ dị mwute, Great Fire nke London ebibie ya, na-ewu ụlọ ọhụrụ e wughachiri naanị na 1669. Ọzọkwa, gallery haziri, esịnede 200 oche maka ụgwọ ụlọ. Ke Re nke ụlọ e me ngwongwo echekwara. Na 1698, agbanwe a chụpụrụ ụlọ nke ngwaahịa mgbanwe rụrụ arụ (molestation na ụzụ). kọfị ụlọ "Jonathan" a họọrọ maka mkpakorita na zụta. Mgbe ahụ, e bụ ndị mbụ price anatara nke ala. Mgbe afọ 50, a ahịa kọfị, "Jonathan," ugboro ugboro akara aka nke nke mbụ ngwaahịa mgbanwe - ya ọkụ ala. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọbịa weghachiri ha onwe ha ụlọ. Na 1773, nso kọfị agbanwe wuru a ọhụrụ ụlọ, kpọrọ ya "New Jonathan" (nke e mesịrị na a gbanwere aha ya "Stock Exchange").

Exchange na narị afọ nke 20

World War m ukwuu ọtụtụ ndị ghara ikwe na European ngwaahịa ahịa. London Stock Exchange emechi nnọọ ikpeazụ, na a afọ mgbe e mesịrị (na 1915) maliteghachiri ọrụ ya. Battalion agba ụta nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo e guzobere iji hụ na nchekwa. Na ngụkọta, e nwere mmadụ 400. Otu na anọ nwụrụ n'ọgbọ agha. Iji 60-nke afọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke arụmọrụ na anya gbasaa ya na ntụziaka nke mgbanwe, e kpebiri na-ewu a ọhụrụ 26-storey ụlọ. The ewu kere afọ 12, na 1972 a owuwu ọhụrụ meghere onwe ya na Queen of England.

Na 1987, na ngwaahịa mgbanwe wara isi mgbanwe. The kasị dị ịrịba ama ndị a na-: ahụ translation na electronic trading (SEAQ usoro),-ekpochapụ nke kacha nta ókè-ala ọrụ, ngwaahịa mgbanwe òtù ikike ikpokọta ọrụ nke ore na dealer. N'ihi electronic usoro SEAQ agbanwe enweghị gaa mgbatị na okushon. Ha nwere ike ime ya na ọkwá ya.

Site na njedebe nke 1997, London Stock Exchange ruturu kpamkpam Switched electronic format. Computer trading usoro tent ụba ọsọ nke azụmahịa na arụmọrụ n'ozuzu.

LSE-ferrous ọla

Ọ e tọrọ ntọala n'oge Industrial mgbanwe ke 1877. Ugbu a ndị London Stock Exchange-abụghị ferrous ọla bụ ihe kasị mkpa European trading center. Ọ na-abịa a ogologo ụzọ si mfe na-atụ (na mgbe na futures) azụmahịa. All a na-enye ohere na-eji ọkụ na-emepụta nke ulo oru ọla imenyụ weere na oke ize ndụ mgbe price spikes. Ị nwere ike ime ka azụmahịa na nhọrọ, futures contracts na ego ihe.

Exchange dị na ihe ochie ụlọ Planteyshn House na ka retains ọtụtụ ọdịnala ndị gara aga. Ọrụ ime ụlọ na-mere ke udi nke a gburugburu na-akọwa "okirikiri otu" ndị ahịa. N'agbanyeghị biakwa obibia nke kọmputa usoro, ndị azụmahịa na-ka na-nchọ site na-eti mkpu. N'otu aka ahụ, kwupụtara na metal ahịa. London Stock Exchange na Planteyshn House nwere a pụrụ iche "asụsụ ndị ogbi", nke agbanwe iji n'oge ngwa ngwa bụghị mix na-enye na-enweta iwu.

gold ahịa

E nwekwara a dị oké ọnụ ahịa metal, nke hapụrụ London Stock Exchange - gold. Ọ mgbe guzo n'ebe a naanị. Iji mepụta trades na a iche iche ụlọ ọnụ nnọchiteanya nke ise ụlọ ọrụ. Eduga onyeisi oche nke ọnụ ekwegasịrị, na "Ise" dị njikere ikwubi azụmahịa. Mgbe niile nkwado na nkwado mara ọkwa ofu price, nke ga-kwubiri na nkwekọrịta. Site a yiri na-zụta na-ere ọla kọpa. The London Metal Exchange, bụ N'ezie, otu n'ime ndị kasị ama British ego oru. Ma, e nwere ihe atọ ọzọ oru na uru banyere iche iche.

London Oil Exchange

Tupu afọ 1970, ume ahịa kemgbe nnọọ ike. Ma, dị ka a n'ihi nke mmanụ mgbochi (1973-1974 gg.), The guzobere òtù OPEC na Arab-Israel agha, mmanụ nwere furu efu na-achịkwa ahịa. Ya mere, ná mmalite 80s. International Petroleum Exchange e hiwere na London. Isi ihe mere maka ọdịdị ya - ụba volatility na mmanụ ahịa. A na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ ebe-akọwa na-abawanye na olu nke mmanụ mmepụta ke North Oké Osimiri.

Exchange awade nhọrọ na otú enweghị leed petrol, gas mmanụ, mmanụ, na futures contracts. Ya isi mma - ike ịgbanwe ego ahịa itie ke futures ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ na mgbanwe na-ewe ebe na-abụghị ahịa awa. The abụọ mma - a ogologo oge (20:15). Ndị dị otú ahụ a ibé na-enye ohere agbanwe ikwubi contracts na mkpezi ikpe USA.

British Exchange Nhọrọ ma Futures

Ná mmalite, ọ dị nnọọ iche aha: The London Mercantile Exchange. Nke a na alụmdi bụ a ahịa nnweta nkwekọrịta na-akọ ugbo na ngwaahịa nke United Kingdom. N'ezie, na okwu nke olu na size, ọ bụ budata ala karịa ala ọzọ ha ogbo (eg, na Chicago Stock Exchange), ma ọ na-adịghị egbochi na-ebu a ịrịba nkezi nke azụmahịa na Europe.

Nke a mgbanwe wee ke ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 20 na ndabere nke "ọnụ mkpakọrịta", nke e duziri futures azụmahịa gafee multiple ngwaahịa ahịrị. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ etinye obi gị dum fọrọ nke nta niile ahịa, na ọbụna wee akụkụ ke ahịa nke Baltic ọrụ ibe (nkwekọrịta on ship ibu na poteto). Ahịa na London Stock Exchange Nhọrọ ma Futures nnọọ uru. Ị nwere ike tinye n'ime azụmahịa ma na ot (barley, na ọka wheat, anụ ezi na na.), Na na colonial ngwaahịa (soybeans, sugar, kọfị).

International Exchange Nhọrọ ma Futures

Na Britain, e nwere a dị iche iche ahịa nhọrọ, ma ọ na-arụ ọrụ tumadi na Sweden. Azụmahịa na a dịgasị iche iche nke akụ ẹkenịmde ke International Exchange Nhọrọ ma Futures.

Tupu 1992, ndị a azụmahịa aka na ọrụ ime ụlọ nke London Stock Exchange. Mgbe ahụ, ọ kpaliri a ụlọ egbe ala Street. Kasị nke ngwaahịa a mgbanwe metụtara agbụ na kaadị ngwá, banyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị azụmahịa nke futures contracts na mbak.

Mgbe International Exchange ifịk ifịk ahịa British ngwaahịa index FTSE 100. Ya mkpa mma bụ ikike na-arụ ọrụ ma European na American nhọrọ. Ruo mgbe na-adịbeghị anya, o nwere ọnọdụ nke kacha mma European ahịa na teknuzu okwu nke akụrụngwa.

International mgbanwe nhọrọ na futures bụ centerpiece nke UK ahịa maka emepụta ngwá ma na-enye a elu larịị nke liquidity maka Japanese agbụ, ndị US, Germany na Italy. Ma, na iche na American oru, ya adịghị emeso contracts na ego emepụta.

Ozugbo mgbanwe malitere na n'ịgba nzukọ n'ebe njide azụmahịa. Ugbu a ha na-formalized ego oru, àjà ahịa a dịgasị iche iche nke dị iche iche ọrụ. Dị ka mmezi usoro pụtara isiike na iwu siri ike na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke ndị keere òkè.

Kasị British mgbanwe ka na-adịghị eme ka ọkpụrụkpụ uru. Ha ibu na-ejedebeghị na ọkọlọtọ akwụkwọ ikike (mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụdị ala). Nhicha arụmọrụ nke oru aku na London Clearinghouse. Ọ bụ nke a na-enye a nkwa nke insurance enweta ego. Ná ngwụsị nke 2000, ya size bụ nde 150 pound.

ọgwụgwụ

Ugbu a ndị London Stock Exchange bụ n'etiti ise kasị oru ụdị ke ererimbot. E si mbak na-ahịa 300 ụlọ ọrụ si mba 60. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle Russian ụlọ ọrụ, onye kasị ukwuu ina bụ maka akwụkwọ nke "Lukoil", "Gazprom" na "Rosneft". Ebe ọ bụ na 2005, na ngwaahịa mgbanwe ga-amalite erekwa nhọrọ na futures na ndị RTS index.