Mara Arctic nchọpụta

Arctic arụkwaghịm mmadu na uzo nke XIX na XX ọtụtụ narị afọ. Nke a na-esi ike ihu nyochaworo daredevils si n'ọtụtụ mba: .. Russia, Norway, Sweden, Italy, wdg The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke chọpụtara nke Arctic - bụghị naanị na nkà mmụta sayensị, ma a sports ọsọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'oge a.

Nils Nordenskiöld

Arctic nchoputa Nils Nordenskiöld (1832-1901) A mụrụ Finland, mgbe ahụ, nke na Russia, Otú ọ dị, ịbụ a Swede mụrụ, ya njem ekenịmde n'okpuru Swedish ọkọlọtọ. Ya-eto eto ndị ọ gara ọtụtụ Spitsbergen. Nordenskiöld mbụ bụ njem 'Borrow' na Greenland ice mpempe akwụkwọ. All a maara nke ọma na-eme nnyocha na Arctic mmalite nke XX narị afọ na-deservedly ahuta ya dika nna mmiri chukwu nke ya nka.

Isi ihe nweta nke Adolfa Nordenshelda bụ ya njem na North-East Mpaghara akwukwo na 1878-1879 biennium. The steamer "Vega" bụ onye mbụ maka njem bụ tinyere n'ebe ugwu nke ụsọ oké osimiri Eurasia na n'ụzọ zuru ezu skirted nnukwu Afrika. Enen Nordenskjold atụmatụ ụmụ - aha ya bụ nyere ọtụtụ ala atụmatụ nke Arctic. Nke a bụ nke gụnyere akipelago nso Taimyr na Gulf banyere New Earth.

Robert Piri

Aha Roberta Piri (1856-1920) - karịsịa ndị mere pola njem ndị mmadụ merela. Ọ bụ ya na - akpa Arctic nchoputa onye meriri North osisi. Na 1886, ndị na-eme nchọpụta setịpụrụ ịgafe Greenland on a sled. Otú ọ dị, ke mbuba na ọ kwụsịrị iji Fridtjof Nansen.

The mgbe Arctic nchọpụta ndị EXTREMALS ọbụna ihe uche karịa ka ọ dị ugbu a. Ma, e nweghị ngwá ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, na daredevils nwere na-arụ ọrụ nke fọrọ nke nta blindly. Mbiba iji merie North osisi, Peary kpebiri ime ka ndụ na omenala nke ndị Eskimos. N'ihi "omenala mgbanwe" American hapụrụ ojiji nke ihi ụra na-ikwū. Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụ na-amalite omume nke ewu ulo.

Home Travel Piri - ya nke isii njem na Arctic na 1908-1909. The otu gụnyere 22 America na 49 Eskimos. Ọ bụ ezie na, dị ka a na-achị, Arctic nchọpụta e zigara na nsọtụ ụwa na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ebumnobi, ụlọ ọrụ Piri iso nanị site ọchịchọ etinye ndekọ. North osisi meriri nchọpụta April 6, 1909.

Raul Amundsen

N'ihi na oge mbụ Raul Amundsen (1872-1928) gaa na Arctic na 1897-1899 gg., Ebe o wee akụkụ ke Belgium njem, nke bụ akwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke onye nke ụgbọ mmiri. Mgbe ha laghachiri n'ala nna ya nke Norway malitere ịkwadebe maka onwe ha njem. Tupu nke a, na-eme nnyocha nke Arctic ihu ọma bulie na nnukwu ìgwè na ọtụtụ arịa. Amundsen kpebiri ịhapụ omume.

Polar nchoputa zụtara a obere ụgbọ mmiri "Joa" kpọkọta a obere ike na ike onwe-akwado onwe ha site na ịchụ nta na nzukọ. Nke a njem na oru na 1903. The amalite bụ Norse Greenland, na ikpeazụ - Alaska. N'ihi ya, ihe mbụ Raul Amundsen meriri Northwest Mpaghara akwukwo - oké osimiri ụzọ site na Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ọ bụ ihe na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ihe ịga nke ọma. Na 1911, mbụ pola nchoputa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ mmadụ ruru South osisi. N'ọdịnihu, Amundsen ghọrọ ndị nwere mmasị na ojiji nke ugbo elu, tinyere airships na seaplanes. The nchọpụta nwụrụ na 1928, na-achọ na-efu njem nke Umberto Nobile.

Nansen

Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) malitere ịgagharị Arctic naanị n'ihi na fun. Dị ka a ọkachamara na snow na duru bu, ọ bụ afọ 27 kpebiri cross-mba ski a nnukwu Greenland ice okpu na mgbalị mbụ mere mere eme.

North osisi erubeghị a merie Peary, Nansen na kpebiri iji nweta ihe jiri kpọrọ ihe, ọfiọrọ na ice na schooner "Fram". The ụgbọ mmiri dị na n'agha nke ice n'ebe ugwu nke Cape Chelyuskin. pola otu wee agafe, ma na April 1895, na-eru 86 degrees ugwu ohere, laghachi azụ.

Mgbe e mesịrị Fridtjof Nansen adịghị etinye aka na-asụ ụzọ njem ndị mmadụ merela. Kama, o mikpuru onwe ya na nkà mmụta sayensị, na-aghọ ihe pụrụ iche zoologist na-ede akwụkwọ nke a iri na abuo ọmụmụ. Ọnọdụ nke a maara nke ọma n'ihu ọha na ọnụ ọgụgụ Nansen-esiri ndị na-esi nke Mbụ Agha Ụwa na Europe. O nyeere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si mba dị iche iche na agụụ na-agụgbu Volga. Na 1922, ndị Norwegian Arctic nchoputa e ọdịda nke Nobel Peace Nrite.

Umberto Nobile

Italian Umberto Nobile (1885-1978) na-mara bụghị nanị dị ka a pola nchoputa. Ya aha a na-ejikọta ya na ọlaedo oge nke airship. Amundsen, onye kụrụ na echiche nke ikuku ụgbọ elu n'elu North osisi, o zutere na a ọkachamara na ubi nke Aeronautics Nobile na 1924. Ugbua na 1926, na Italian ụlọ ọrụ Argonaut Scandinavian na American eccentric nde Lincoln Ellsworth gara epochal ụgbọ elu. The airship "Norway" soro na-enwetụbeghị ụdị mbụ ụzọ Rome - North osisi - Alaska Peninsula.

Umberto Nobile ghọrọ a mba dike, na Duce Mussolini mere ya n'ozuzu na asọpụrụ so na Fascist Party. The ịga nke ọma kpaliri re-wuru airships iji hazie ihe njem. N'oge a, ndị mbụ violin na ihe omume na-egwuri Italy (ugbo elu pola na a kpọrọ "Italy"). Na ụzọ azụ si North osisi airship jiri, akụkụ nke ndi oru ugbo nwụrụ, na Nobile a napụtara ya ice Soviet icebreaker "Krasin".

Chelyuskinites

Chelyuskinites feat - a pụrụ iche na peeji nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke pola ngagharị oke ala. Ọ jikọtara ihe ọma na-anwa ime ka a navigation tinyere Northern Sea Nsoro. Ọ si n'ike mmụọ nsọ ọkà mmụta sayensị Otto Schmidt na Captain-pola Vladimir Voronin. Na 1933, ha we ziga ndi-steamer "Chelyuskin" wee na iledo tinyere n'ebe ugwu nke ụsọ oké osimiri Eurasia.

Soviet Arctic nchọpụta chọrọ iji gosi na na Northern Sea Nsoro nwere ike gafere bụghị naanị na a pụrụ iche kwadebere ụgbọala, ma a mfe ugboibu. N'ezie, ọ bụ a-agba chaa chaa, na o doro anya na ọdachi na ihe Bering Strait, ebe ice gwepịara ship e mebiri.

The-arụ ọrụ nke "Chelyuskin" ngwa ngwa kpọpụrụ, na na isi obodo nke a ọchịchị ọrụ na-ahazi nnapụta nke pola nchọpụta e kere. People laghachiri n'ụlọ site ikuku mmiri na-enyemaka nke ugbo elu. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke "Chelyuskin" na ya arụ ọrụ meriri ụwa. Ini ekededi, rescuers mbụ ga-enweta aha nke dike nke Soviet Union.

Georgy Sedov

Georgy Sedov (1877-1914) jikọrọ ndụ ha na oké osimiri dị ka a nwa okorobịa, banyere Rostov amụ klaasị. Tupu ihe Arctic Explorer, ọ abuana ke Russian-Japanese agha, n'oge nke iwu a torpedo ụgbọ mmiri.

The mbụ pola njem Sedov ada itie ke 1909, mgbe o kwuru na ọnụ nke na Kolyma River. Mgbe ahụ ọ na-enyocha ụwa ọhụrụ (gụnyere ya Krestov Guba). Na 1912, agadi onyeisi tụrụ aro ka tsarist ọchịchị oru ngo-adọkpụ njem, nzube nke nke bụ North osisi.

Ọchịchị jụrụ ịkwado ize ndụ. Mgbe ahụ, ọ anakọtara ego si onwe ego ma ka na-haziri njem. Ụgbọ ya "St. Foka" e egbochi site ice na Novaya Zemlya. Sedov wee daa ọrịa na-scurvy, ma ka esonyere ọtụtụ enyi gara sled na North osisi. Polar nwụrụ n'ụzọ nso Rudolf Island, ebe e liri ya.

Valery Chkalov

Ọtụtụ mgbe Russian Arctic nchọpụta metụtara na ụgbọ mmiri, sleighs na nkịta sledding. Otú ọ dị, ya onyinye ọmụmụ nke pola oghere na mere ụgbọelu. Isi Soviet itu kaadi Valeriy Chkalov (1904-1938) na 1937 mere mbụ ụgbọ elu anaghị akwụsị si Moscow na Vancouver site na North osisi.

Enyi brigeedi ọchịagha ozi ghọrọ co-pilot Georgy Bajdukov na ụgbọ mmiri Alexander Belyakov. N'ime 63 awa nke ndanda-25 mere ya ụzọ-ogologo 9000 kilomita. The dike nke Vancouver eche akuko si gburugburu ụwa, na US President Roosevelt onwe natara ụgbọelu na White House.

Ivan Papanin

Fọrọ nke nta N'ezie Ivan Papanin (1894-1896) - kasị ama Soviet Arctic nchoputa. Nna ya bụ ndị Sevastopol mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na nwa okoro na nwata udo oké osimiri. Na n'ebe ugwu Papanin pụtara maka oge mbụ na 1931, na-eleta na ụgbọ mmiri "Malygin" Franz Josef Land.

Ụda otuto Arctic nchọpụta bịara na 44 afọ. Na 1937-1938. Papanin ada ọrụ nke mbụ na ụwa ịkpafu "North osisi" ojii. 274 ụbọchị nọrọ anọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ice, na-ekiri Ụwa ikuku na hydrosphere nke Arctic Ocean. Papanin ghọrọ a dike nke Soviet Union ugboro abụọ.