Mercury: a ize ndụ ụmụ mmadụ. The ihe ize ndụ ndị Mercury

The mbụ ọmụma banyere ogige nwere mercury, ha agbadakwutewokwa anyị si oge immemorial. Aristotle kwuru ya maka oge mbụ na 350 BC, ma mgbe ochie àmà na-egosi ihe na mbụ oge nke ngwa. Isi ebe ojiji nke mercury ndị nkà mmụta ọgwụ, na nkà na ije, mmepụta nke Venetian enyo, metal nhazi, na na. D. Ọ na atụmatụ ndị mmadụ chọpụta na site na nnwale na chọrọ a otutu oge na-eri ọtụtụ ndụ. The eziokwu na mercury bụ ize ndụ ụmụ mmadụ, ọ na-mara ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke na-eme. Modern ụzọ na-esi n'aka research ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị irè ma odi mfe, ma ka ukwuu nke a metal ndị mmadụ ka na-amaghị.

chemical mmewere

N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, mercury - a arọ mmiri mmiri na-acha ọcha na ọla-ọcha, ọ bụ nke ọla siworo gosi M. V. Lomonosovym na I. Brown na 1759. Ọkà mmụta sayensị egosiwo na na siri ike ikwu bụ electrically conductive na nwere ike esorowo. Mercury (Hydrargyrum, HG) na oge D. I. Mendeleeva nwere ọnụọgụ nzùrùòkè 80, emi odude ke isii oge, otu nke 2, na-akọ a zinc subgroup. Si sụgharịa Latin aha pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "silver mmiri" si Old - "tụgharịa." Ịpụ iche nke mmewere bụ ugbua na eziokwu ahụ bụ na naanị mmiri mmiri metal, nke na agwa bụ na a chụsasịrị achụsasị ụdị na-adị n'ụdị ogige. Idebe nke mercury, eji n'elu oké nkume, - onu nke agaghị ekwe omume. Ezengwenri uka mmewere - 200 g / mol, na atọm okirikiri - 157 pm.

Njirimara

Na 20 ^{° C} na-kpọmkwem arọ nke mercury bụ 13,55 g / ^cm3, agbaze usoro chọrọ ^banyere -39 C ka esi - 357 ^{° C,} n'ihi na oyi -38,89 Celsius ^C. Mụbara Alụlụụ mgbali enye a elu evaporation ọnụego . Na-amụba okpomọkụ, mercury Alụlụụ ndị kasị dị ize ndụ ndụ ntule, na bụghị ihe na-egbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ mmiri mmiri maka usoro. Kasị onwunwe choro na omume - inweta njikọta na a kpụrụ site na mgbasa nke metal mercury. Na ya ukwuu nke ibe semiliquid Alloy nchịkọta ala. Mercury mfe eche nche na si compound na na-eji na mgbake nke oké ọnụ ahịa ọla si ore. Amalgamation gaghị ọla dị ka tungsten, ígwè, molybdenum, vanadium. Na ya mercury - zuru ezu na-eguzogide ọgwụ otu nke na-aga ngwa ngwa na nwa afọ ala na mkpatụ na oxygen naanị na elu okpomọkụ (300 ° ^C). Site omume na ihe acid mgbasa pụtara nanị na nitric acid na aqua regia. Dara mercury a oxidized na sọlfọ ma ọ bụ potassium permanganate. Ọ ifịk ifịk mkpatụ na halogens (ayodiin, bromine, fluorine, chlorine) na na-abụghị ọla (selenium, site, sọlfọ). Organic ogige na carbon atọm (alkyl-mercury) bụ nke kasị anụ ụdị na eke na gburugburu ebe obibi. Methylmercury na-atụle otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị egbu egbu organometallic ogige na obere yinye njikọ. Na steeti a, na mercury odachi mmadụ na-aghọ ndị kasị elu.

N'ịbụ agwa

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụle mercury ka a ịnweta, nke na-eji ọtụtụ ọrụ na ebe nke mmadụ na-eme, ọ bụ obere metal. Ọ na-eme atụmatụ na na elu oyi akwa nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ nwere naanị 0,02% nke ngụkọta ego nke si mmewere. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mercury na ya ogige bụ na oké osimiri na mmiri chụgara ke ikuku. Adịbeghị anya ọmụmụ na-egosi na a elu ọdịnaya nke a mmewere nwere Ụwa ákwà mgbokwasị. Dị na nkwupụta a nwere ihe dị otú ahụ dị ka a "mercury ume nke Earth." Ọ bụ na N'ezie nke degassing site n'ihu evaporation si n'elu. The kasị elu mercury anwuru ime na oge nke ga-emerụ ahụ. Ekemende eke na mmadụ mere umu anwuru esịne ke okirikiri, nke pụtara n'ihi na compound na ndị ọzọ ọcha n'okpuru mma gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ. The usoro nke guzobere na ire ere nke mercury Alụlụụ agụghị oké mụọ, ma ihe kasị puru amụma a na-ewere na-ekere òkè nke ụdị ụfọdụ nke bacteria. Ma isi nsogbu bụ methyl na demitil-emepụta ogige ifịk ifịk guzobere agwa - na ikuku, mmiri (demersal apịtị ebe ma ọ bụ ndi kasị organic mmetọ) - na-enweghị òkè nke akpali. Methylmercury nwere nnọọ elu myirịta na ndu irighiri. The ize ndụ mercury - ya mere a ga-ekwe omume nke ìgwè ke ọ bụla dị ndụ organism ruru ka penetration ma na udo nke mmegharị.

nkwụnye ego

Mineral nwere mercury na mercury nwere ihe karịrị 100, ma a isi compound nke na-enye mmepụta profitability sikwa cinnabar. Na pasent okwu, o nwere ndị na-esonụ Ọdịdị: sọlfọ 12-14%, 86-88% mercury, ndị obodo mercury awọ ores, wdg metacinnabarite-ejere isi sulfide minerals ... Akụkụ cinnabar kristal esịmde 3-5 cm (kacha), na ọtụtụ nkịtị bụ nke size 0.1-0.3 mm na ike ịnwe adịghị nke zinc, silver, arsenic na dị ka. D. (20 ọcha). Ore ego na ụwa, e nwere ihe 500, kacha arụpụta n'ubi Spain, Slovenia, Italy, Kyrgyzstan. Abụọ bụ isi na ụzọ na-eji maka nhazi ore: ọxịdashọn na elu okpomọkụ nyak mercury na ịta nke na-amalite ihe onwunwe sochiri nhazi dapụtara uche.

ngwa

N'ihi na eziokwu na ihe ize ndụ nke mercury gosipụtara, na 70 ies nke XX narị afọ ya ejedebeghị ya ngwa na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Isịneke bụ thimerosal eji maka nche-kwa nke vaccines. Njikọta silver taa na-hụrụ na dentistry, ma na-arụsi ọrụ obibi reflective akàrà. The kasị nile eji nke ize ndụ metal bụ ofu na e kere eke nke akwara na nkenke ngwá. Mercury vapors na-eji fluorescent na quartz oriọna. Na nke a, na nzaghachi na-adabere na ìhè mgbasa cover nke ụlọ. N'ihi na pụrụ iche okpomọkụ ike nke dara mercury ina na mmepụta nke elu-nkenke atụ ihe - thermometers. The alloys eji maka imewe nke ọnọdụ sensọ, biarin, akara switches, actuators, valves na dị ka. D. Biocidal agba mbụ nakwa ẹdude mercury na-ekpuchi ụgbọ ahu ihe, nke na-egbochi ha fouling. Chemical ụlọ ọrụ na-eji nnukwu mpịakọta nke nnu nke ihe mmewere dị ka mkpali na oke nke acetaldehyde. Na ndị na-akọ ugbo oru sulemu calomel na-eji maka ịgwọ nkpuru - egbu egbu mercury echebe ọka na osisi si pests. Na nkà mmụta banyere ígwè, ndị kasị na ina nke njikọta. Mercury ogige na-eji dị ka a mkpali maka electrolytic mmepụta nke chlorine, alkali metal na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Of Gold ifịk chemical mmewere na-eji maka nhazi ore. Mercury na ya ogige na-eji ọla, ke imewe nke enyo na recyclable aluminum.

Toxicity (ize ndụ mercury)

Dị ka a N'ihi nke mmadụ mere mmadụ ọrụ anyị gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwekwu ịta nke nsi, pollutants. Otu onye dị otú mmewere, gosiri na nke mbụ ọnọdụ na egwu bụ mercury. The ize ndụ ụmụ mmadụ nke organic na inorganic ogige ma ya ụzọ. Nke a cumulative nsị dị elu nsi na pụrụ ịnọ n'ime ahụ mmadụ nke afọ ma ọ bụ na-eme n'otu oge. Otụk CNS, enzymatic na hematopoietic usoro, na ogo nsi na ya pụta na-adabere na dose na usoro nke penetration, toxicity nke compound ikpughe. Adịghị ala ala mercury nsi (ìgwè a dị oké egwu uka nke ihe onwunwe na ahu) e ji astenovegetativnogo ọrịamkpokọta, ọrịa nke ụjọ usoro. The mbụ ihe ịrịba ama na-ama jijiji eyelids, aka na mgbe ahụ na aka na ụkwụ, ire na aru. Na n'ihu mmepe nsi gosipụtara ehighị ụra nke ọma, isi ọwụwa, ọgbụgbọ, mkpọchị ọrụ nke eriri afọ tract, neurasthenia, ebe nchekwa chiri. Ọ bụrụ na e mercury Alụlụụ nsi, ndị e ji mara mgbaàmà ndị akụkụ okuku ume na ọrịa. Mgbe ọ gụrụ ebigh'ebi chemical gị n'ụlọnga ada ada deducing usoro nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ.

Nsi site Mercury salts

The kasị etoola ma na ihe siri ike usoro. Mgbaàmà: isi ọwụwa, dara uto, na-agba ọbara goms, stomatitis, mụbara urination n'oge ya jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na Mbelata na zuru ezu cessation. Na oké gbasara akụrụ mmebi e ji mara, eriri afọ tract, imeju. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ ga-adị ndụ, ọ ga-nkwarụ. Akparamagwa nke mercury pụta na ọdịda nke na-edozi ahụ na ọbara erythrocyte hemolysis. Against ndabere nke ndị a mgbaàmà e irreversible mmebi nke Central ụjọ usoro. Ndị dị otú ahụ ihe mmewere, dị ka mercury, ize ndụ n'ihi na nwoke a bụ n'ụdị ọ bụla nke na mmekọrịta, na nsi mmetụta nwere ike irreparable: emetụta dum, ha nwere ike na-ekere na-na-esonụ ọgbọ.

Ụzọ nke penetration nke nsi

Ndị bụ isi na nsi na-ikuku, mmiri, oriri. Mercury nwere ike banye n'ime akụkụ okuku ume na tract site evaporation nke ihe onwunwe ha n'elu. Good bandwit nwere akpụkpọ eriri afọ tract. N'ihi nsí zuru ezu na-egwugharị n'ime mmiri, nke na-na mmeru site na ulo oru discharges nwere mercury; -eri oriri ọgaranya na chemical mmewere na nwere ike inwe ha nke oria umu (azu, anu). Mercury Alụlụụ nsi ndị na-emekarị ruru otu ọrụ ọrụ - na-abụghị nnabata na nchekwa metụtara data on ọcha nke mmepụta. Sokwa na nsi na a anụ ụlọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a pụtara mgbe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ime ihe nke na ngwaọrụ na ngwá nwere mercury na ya ogige.

Danger of mercury temometa

Ndị akacha eji ọgwụ ngwá ziri ezi - a temometa, na ọ bụ dị ọ bụla n'ụlọ. N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ nke ndụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị ohere ka ukwuu na-egbu egbu ogige nke na-agụnye mercury. "Kụrisịa temometa" - a bụ ihe kasị puru ọnọdụ mmekọrịta nsi. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime anyị compatriots ka na-eji mercury thermometers. Nke a bụ n'ihi isi izi ezi nke ha okwu ma na ọha na eze enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ. N'ihe banyere mercury temometa mmebi ize ndụ maka mmadụ, n'ezie, ọ bụ ma na-etinye ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe ize ndụ n'amaghị ihe. Ọ bụrụ na ngwa ngwa, rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na n'ụzọ dị irè-ebu a usoro nke dị mfe manipulations, ihe ọjọọ ga-mere ma ọ bụrụ na, na kacha nta

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ogbo 1

First, mkpa ka ị na-anakọta niile mpekere thermometers na mercury. Nke a bụ ihe kasị na-eri oge usoro, ma ya, mmejuputa iwu-adabere na ahụ ike nke niile ndị òtù ezinụlọ na anu ulo. N'ihi na kwesịrị ekwesị mkpofu, ị ga-a iko ite, nke a ga-tightly emechi. Tupu ịmalite ọrụ ụlọ ewepu niile tenants, ọ kasị mma-aga ná mpụga ma ọ bụ n'ọnụ ụlọ ọzọ, bụ ebe e nwere ekwe omume nke na-adịgide adịgide ventilashion. The usoro nke-achịkọta mercury droplet ike-rụrụ iji a agụụ Cleaner ma ọ bụ a broom. Nke ikpeazụ nwere ike etipịa a ibu nta nke ndị metal na iji hụ a nnukwu ebe ha na-ekesa. Mgbe agụụ Cleaner bụ ihe ize ndụ n'oge kpo oku n'oge engine ọrụ, mmetụta na okpomọkụ mee ngwangwa ndị evaporation nke ahụ na a ngwa nwere ike ebede agaghị eji maka ya bipụta ya, nzube, ọ ga na nwere na-ewekarị nke.

usoro nke omume

1. Eyi disposable roba uwe, ịwa ahụ nkpuchi, akpụkpọ ụkwụ mkpuchite ma ọ bụ plastic akpa akpụkpọ ụkwụ.
2. Jiri nlezianya nyochaa ebe temometa-e tiwara; ma ọ bụrụ na o nwere nke mercury na textiles, uwe, carpets, ha na-tightly juru n'ọnụ n'ime a mkpofu akpa na-ewekarị nke.
3. Glass akụkụ-aga n'ime njikere akpa.
4. Large tụlee nke mercury iji mpempe akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ agịga-akpa agịga anakọtara site n'ala n'elu.
5. Burugodị na a tọọchị, ma ọ bụ welie ọkụ nke ụlọ, ọ dị mkpa iji mụbaa search maka nta ahụ (ruru ka agba nke metal ọ dị mfe ịchọta).
6. Nlezianya nyochaa okike gaps, nkwonkwo flooring, baseboards iwepụ omume ofufe nke nta ụmụ irighiri mmiri.
7. N'ime ime obodo ebe, mercury na-aga a ntụtụ, bụ nke a ga-ewekarị nke.
8. Obere ụmụ irighiri mmiri nke metal nwere ike kpọkọtara na nrapado teepu, nyagide.
9. N'oge dum oge nke mkpa na-ahapụ na a ventilated ebe ma ọ bụ n'ime n'okporo ámá minit 20 ọ bụla.
10. All ihe na kemfe ngwaọrụ eji na collection of mercury ga-ewekarị nke na ọdịnaya nke temometa.

nzọụkwụ 2

Mgbe ịkpachara anya ntuziaka nzukọ dị mkpa iji mee ka chemical nhazi ụlọ ọrụ. Iji nwere ike potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) - a akwa ịta ngwọta (ọchịchịrị na agba) na chọrọ ego na-emeso ebe. Mkpa na-eyi ọhụrụ latex uwe na a nkpuchi. All na-ebupụta na-emeso ya na dapụtara ngwọta site rags, na-enwe a ezumike, oghere, cracks na nkwonkwo na-kacha mma jupụta site a ngwọta. Ke 10:00 esote kacha mma na-ahapụ n'elu na a dị nsọ ụzọ. Mgbe oge a potassium permanganate ngwọta e saa na dị ọcha mmiri, mgbe ahụ, kpochara na a omo na gburugburu ebe obibi. Next 6-7 ụbọchị chọrọ na-ebu mgbe niile airing nke ogige na kwa ụbọchị mmiri ihicha. Iji nyochaa enweghị mercury, ị pụrụ ịkpọ ọkachamara na pụrụ iche ngwá ọrụ nke Epidemiology emmepe.

igbu egbu Ọgwụgwọ

WHO na-egosi 8 kasị dị ize ndụ bekee, ọdịnaya nke nke na ikuku, na ihe oriri na mmiri ga-enyocha ekwu n'ihi na nke ha ihe iyi egwu ụmụ mmadụ na ndụ na ike. Nke a ụzọ, cadmium, arsenic, tin, ígwè, ọla kọpa, zinc na, n'ezie, mercury. Hazard klas nke data ihe dị nnọọ elu, na ndị na-esi na nsi-agaghị ekwe omume ime ka ha kwụsị kpam kpam. The ide ọgwụgwọ bụ a nchebe ụmụ mmadụ si n'ihu na kọntaktị na nsi. Mgbe slack na-abụghị ala ala ikpe nke mercury nsi na-anyụpụ na feces, mmamịrị, ajirija. Nsí Achọ dose bụ 0.4 ml, egwu - 100 mg. Mgbe enyo enyo na-emekọ ihe nsi ga-emetụta a ọkachamara na-na ndabere nke ule results chọpụta ogo nke igbu egbu na idepụta ọgwụ.