Onyeisi ndị bishọp Hermogenes. Onyeisi ndị bishọp nke Moscow na All Russia Hermogenes

Saints na Russia kemgbe oge ochie, ma na--atụ egwu Chineke, mfe nkịtị na ndị bara ọgaranya ahịa, na ukwuu omume ọma ndị inyom, na illustrious-achị achị. Russian Orthodox mba reveres ya nchebe Chineke, obi na nchebe nke eluigwe nsọ, na-achọ na okụt na ha nkwado na ha onwe ha ime mmụọ ụzọ.

Brief biography serene nwenụ

Christianity na Russia nwere otutu oké nsọ nke na-agbachitere. Onyeisi Hermogenes bụ ịrụ ụka adịghị otu n'ime ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama ndị mmadụ nke Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Christianity. Ukwuu na biography nke nwoke na-ghọtara. Ruo ugbu a, akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ufiop arụmụka banyere ịrịba milestones nke ndụ ya na ebe nketa.

Biography Onyeisi Hermogenes jupụtara guesswork. Ọ maara na a mụrụ ya na Kazan, na aha ya na aha Ermolay. The kpọmkwem ụbọchị nke ọdịdị nke ọmụmụ ya bụ amaghi, akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akpa ya 1530. Na-elekọta mmadụ si malite Onyeisi definitive data bụ adịghị. Dị ka otu version, Hermogenes bụ nke genus Rurik-Shumsky, na ndị ọzọ na - ya na-abịa site Don Cossacks. Historians yikarịrị ka kwere na ọdịnihu St. Hermogenes, onyeisi ndị bishọp nke Moscow ka a commoner, dịcha ka ọ dị mfe nwa afọ "nke ndị mmadụ."

The mbụ nzọụkwụ ke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks Hermogenes

Ermolai ya ozi malitere na Kazan Onye Nzọpụta-Nnwogha Obibi nkịtị cleric. Parish nchụàjà nke ụka nke St. Nicholas Kazan, ọ na-aghọ ke 1579, sonye ememe nke inweta ihu nke Kazan Nne nke Chineke na dere "The Akụkọ nke onu na soluble ebube onyinyo nke Kazan Nne nke Chineke" zitere ekemende na Tsar Ivan ndị tara.

A afọ ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị Hermogenes ewe monasticism na-adịghị anya na nke mbụ abbot, wee Archimandrite Kazan Onye Nzọpụta-Nnwogha Obibi. Hermogenes erection nke a bishop na nhọpụta nke Metropolitan Kazan na Astrakhan ẹkenịmde ke May 1589.

Na nke a ọrụ ruo ogologo oge, na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka afọ 18, Hermogenes arụsi ọrụ ike. Na enyemaka ya, kere maka ili nke ndị ụkọchukwu, bụ ifịk ifịk popularize na (mgbe ime ihe ike) nke Christianity n'etiti ndị dị iche nke Volga. Atọghata ezinụlọ dum na-birighachi pụrụ iche niile n'okpuru nlekọta nke Russian Orthodox.

Christianity gbasara na Russia, na-etinye ya mildly, adịghị nnọọ-eguzosi ike n'ihe na obi mmadu n'aka, na-enupụkwa isi "ndị ọgọ mmụọ" na-ekwe na-eji anụ ahụ ntaramahụhụ, pad na mkpọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. N'akwụkwọ ahụ isi gaa, dere January 1592, Metropolitan Job nna ochie ọnọde siri ọnwụ na niile chọọchị Ọtọdọks e echeta Kraịst nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe na ndị agha, bụ tọrọ ala isi ha na Kazan nchebe 1552.

Nna Hermogenes wee akụkụ ke ememe nke nyefe nke nsọ onwunwe Germana Kazanskogo si isi obodo na obodo nke Sviyazhsk, nke weere ọnọdụ na 1592. Akụkọ nke nna ochie Hermogen ga-ezu na-enweghị aha ya nnukwu onyinye ndị na-ewu ya n'ala Kazan Orthodox chọọchị nakwa ebe obibi, ihe ya na-ekere òkè echichi Borisa Godunova na ọha na eze, na òkè nke a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmadụ na-ekpe ekpere na mgbidi nke Novodevichy Nọn.

Formation nke nna ochie

Na 1605 na Russian ocheeze nkenke were Ụgha Dmitry m - rogue, asị na ha na-abụ Prince Dmitry, na na eziokwu si gbapụta Chudov Obibi dikọn Grishkoy Otrepevym. Metropolitan Hermogenes a na-akpọ nouveau "Ọkaakaa" na ikpe na-arụ ọrụ ahụ n'usoro nke senator, ma e doro ihe e ihere n'ihi na eziokwu na Polish ukwu choro baptism Lzhedmitriya Mariny Mnishek n'ihu "Ọkaakaa" ịlụ ya.

May 17, 1606, mgbe a obere eze, Ụgha Dmitry a chụpụrụ ya na Russian na ocheeze ya na ya ebe e weere site ikpeazụ nke ụdị Rurik - Vasiliy Shuysky. Otu nke mbụ ya mkpebi e wepụ Onyeisi Ignatius (n'agbanyeghị, bụbu Polish protege) na-ewu nke Metropolitan nke Kazan na Astrakhan ahụ n'usoro nke onyeisi ndị bishọp nke All Russia. Onyeisi ndị bishọp nke Moscow na All Russia, ihe mgbochi a mkpebi na-adịghị rụziri. Na nke a ọnọdụ, Onyeisi Hermogenes bụ ifịk ụka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji na-ewusi ike na Chọọchị Ọtọdọks na Russian ala.

Great protege nke okwukwe Ndị Kraịst, naanị megide a dum usu nke ndị iro nke Russia, Onyeisi Hermogenes, a obere biography nke bụ enwe ike ịba nkọwa nke ndụ ya, ihe ukwu, mmalite, ya oké okwukwe siri ike na Chineke, ya-apụghị imeri emeri ịkwụsi ike na ya kweere, na-aha na nri akụkọ ihe mere eme 'ike diamond' na 'ọhụrụ amụma "nke Russian ala.

The na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọnọdụ na Russia

Onyeisi Hermogenes, foto akara ngosi na-egbuke egbuke:

Ọnọdụ ọchịchị na State Russian n'oge ahụ na-ejighị n'aka. Ocheeze sitewo otu aka nke ọzọ, na-eweta ọdachi ọsọ. Dị ka ogologo oge dị ka otu onye nke ehihie na abalị May 1606 kasị elu boyars, edu Vasiliya Shuyskogo (nnọchiteanya nke otu nke oké isi ezinụlọ, a na nkpuru nke ndi-isi nke Suzdal, akpatre nnọchiteanya nke ụdị Rurik) dịghị haziri izu ọjọọ.

Ebumnuche bụ nkwatu nke Russian ocheeze na Ụgha Dmitry m na e chiri Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Iji mezue a ọrụ niile mepere casemates nzuzo tọhapụrụ ndị mkpọrọ e nyere ha na ngwá agha, na n'isi ụtụtụ nke Moscow kwughachiri egwu mkpu, kpọrọ ndị na Red Square.

Russian ndị mmadụ, ike gwụrụ nke mmegbu nke ndị Polish, ìgwè mmadụ ahụ wụsara n'okporo uzo na-eche na ogwe aka na boyars. N'oge ahụ, mgbe nnukwu, bloodthirsty ìgwè mmadụ bugara mgbuchapụ nke okporo osisi, idé nke ndi-nkekọta, edu Shumsky, ọ nyawara n'ime ụlọ nke Ọkaakaa na brutally gburu Ụgha Dmitry I. 1 June 1606 Shuya eze were ke ebekpo ke adabere n'ihe ụfọdụ nkwado nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia. Iji doo ndị mmadụ nke correctness nke mkpebi a, onyeisi ndị bishọp nke Moscow na All Russia, nyere ikike maka mbupụ nke Uglich ka isi obodo nke ihe onwunwe nke Tsarevich Dmitry, bụ ndị a gụrụ izugbe review June 3 nke afọ ahụ.

nkpà ugboro

Otú ọ dị, nke a nwetụrụ amịtaghị kwesịrị ekwesị N'ihi. Erughị ọnwa atọ mgbe ihe ndị a kọwara, ma na Russia malitere ịgbasa akukọ banyere ọrụ ebube napụta Dmitry, na ọ kwuru lanahụrụ n'aka ndi-nkekọta. Ọzọ dapụrụ iwe na Russian ala. The agha gbakọtara n'ebe ugwu nke ala jụrụ irube isi eze. Onyeisi ndị bishọp Hermogenes naanị na a jupụtara ná nsogbu oge maka Russian ala nso onye Chineke tere mmanụ, eze Basil.

Ọnọdụ gburugburu ọhụrụ Russian Ọkaakaa n'ijokari ejighị n'aka, ọtụtụ na-akwado Shuisky tupu boyars na ndị ụkọchukwu gbakụtara ya na naanị Hermogenes, onyeisi ndị bishọp nke Moscow, ndị na-na-e doro ọgụ na mweda n'ala, stoically wee na-chebe eze. Otu ihe atụ bụ ihe mere na oyi 1609, mgbe mgbe agbali Shuisky deposition ìgwè mmadụ bugara ndị Kremlin ekpek boyars wepụ eze ukwu Basil, Onyeisi Hermogenes e weghaara na ẹka ebe ogbugbu.

Na ọbụna ugbu a, na n'etiti dajụọ ìgwè mmadụ agadi nwoke nọ na-agbalị iji mee ka obi okwu Chineke ezi omume, ka o doo "ghara ịda ekwensu seduction." Nke a oge, ndị kuu okpu, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi amamihe na ịkwụsi ike nke okwu, nna ochie kwuru. Ma iji nke atọ narị mmadụ lanahụrụ aghọ aghụghọ na a ọhụrụ ụlọikwuu na Tushino pretender.

The mgbanwe na Russian oj oo

Ka ọ dịgodị, na malitere ime ihe na-eme ka mgbanwe ndị na-eruba n'ime nsogbu. Otu oyi ụbọchị February 1609 Vasiliy Shuysky abanye a nkwekọrịta na Swedish onye na-achị Charles IX. Swedish detachment nke agha e zigara Novgorod ma dọba n'okpuru iwu nke eze nwa nwanne nduzi obodo Skopin-Shumsky.

United otú Russian na Swedish agha ọma wakpoo ndị agha Tushino pretender, chụpụrụ ha site n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Russia. Ịbanye Shumsky na Charles IX nke nkwekọrịta na ntinye na Russian ala Swedish agha kwalitere mmalite nke na-emeghe agha offensives nke Polish King Sigismund na Russia. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke otu afọ, Polish agha wee na Smolensk, na-enwe olileanya maka ihe dị mfe kpọọ nke obodo. Ma e nwere na ọ bụ!

Smolensk, jiri obi ike na valiantly, fọrọ nke nta ruo afọ abụọ, guzogidere onslaught nke okporo osisi ya. Na njedebe, ọtụtụ ndị Polish Army kpọgara si Tushino na nọchibido Smolensk, na na na njedebe nke afọ si Tushino ka Kaluga efehe onwe ya onye aghụghọ. Ná mmalite spring 1610 nnupụisi mara ụlọikwuu e bibiri na na March 12, isi obodo ndị zutere na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-agha Skopin-Shumsky. iyi egwu na-ewere nsogbu na-eso ụzọ na Moscow n'elu, ma nke ahụ apụtaghị na na njedebe nke agha ozugbo na abụọ ebido - ezobe na Kaluga na nduhie onye biri ike na Smolensk Sigismund.

Shumsky ọnọdụ n'oge a dịtụ ike, mgbe mberede anwụ nwa nwanne ya dike Skopin-Shumsky. Ọnwụ ya na-eduga ná a n'ezie kpata ajọ ihe. Russian agha merela agadi na Smolensk megide okporo osisi, n'okpuru iwu nke nwanne ya nwoke eze ukwu na-ebibi nso obodo Klushino. Getman Zolkiewski duru Polish agha nọ na Moscow ma nwere Mozhaisk. Pretender, obon foduru nke agha swiftly kwagara n'ebe ndịda nke isi obodo.

Tsar Vasily deposition. opal Onyeisi

All ndị a na-egbu egbu ihe akara akara aka nke Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Ke ufọt ufọt n'oge okpomọkụ 1610 ndị nnupụisi banyere Kremlin jide boyars, Onyeisi Hermogenes eti mkpu nkwatu eze, ọ na-forcibly wepụrụ si Kremlin. Onyenwe Church unsuccessfully ọzọ iji mee ka obi ebili ìgwè mmadụ, nke a oge ọ na-anụ ya. Eze ikpeazụ bụ oge ochie agbụrụ Rurik e wepụ si n'ocheeze Russia, ike nke onye mọnk na "a dọọrọ n'agha" na Chudov Obibi, emi odude (tupu mbibi ya) na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kremlin na Imperial Square.

Hermogenes, onyeisi ndị bishọp nke Moscow na-adịghị ahụ ekweghị na ozi nke Chineke na eze nke Basil, nke na n'agbanyeghị na ihe niile na-ewere ezi ndị e tere mmanụ na Russian ocheeze. Nkwa dị ka ndị mọnk Shumsky ọ na-aghọta n'ihi na eziokwu na a mkpa maka ọrụ nke nkwa bụ pronunciation nke okwu nkwa mkpu ozugbo na ndị ghọrọ ndị a mọnk.

N'ihe banyere nkwa Vasily okwu renunciation nke niile nke ụwa ihe o kwuru Tyufyakin Prince - otu n'ime ndị nnupụisi forcibly kwaturu eze si n'ocheeze ya. Site n'ụzọ, Onyeisi Hermogenes e mesịrị Tyufyakina akpọ a mọnk. Na deposition Shumsky, dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, abịa na njedebe obodo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Jehova na-amalite ya ezi ozi ọma nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks.

Power na isi obodo a n'ụzọ zuru ezu weghaara boyars. Onyeisi dara n'ime ihere, ndị ọchịchị natara aha otutu "Asaa Boyars" ndị ntị chiri ka niile chọrọ, atumatu, ndụmọdụ na-atụ aro Hermogenes. Ma, n'agbanyeghị na mberede deafened boyars, n'oge a ya mkpesa nụrụ kasị àmà siri na ike, na-enye a siri ike kwalite edemede nke Russia site na "ekwensu ehi ụra."

The alụ maka ocheeze

Mgbe deposition nke Vasily boyars guzo n'ihu ajụjụ dị mkpa - na-eme ọhụrụ Tsar of Russia. Ka adreesị a nke Zemsky Sobor e nwere, na nke echiche, na-ekewa n'etiti ndị na-achị. Hermogenes nọgidere na-ele ka ịlaghachi na ocheeze Vasiliya Shuyskogo, ọma, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na nke a agaghị ekwe omume na mmanụ otu n'ime ndị isi ahụ Golitsyn ma ọ bụ nwa nke Rostov Metropolitan obere Mikhail Romanov.

Ka kpaliri ndị nna ochie ke niile chọọchị Ọtọdọks na-eme Chineke ekpere maka ahọpụta ndị Russian Tsar. Boyars, n'aka nke ya, na-ebili n'ihi na ntuli aka na Russian ocheeze, nwa a Polish onye na-achị Sigismund, isi Vladislav. Okporo osisi yiri ka ha na-nta ọjọ tụnyere onwe onye na-akpọ ya nwaanyị na Ụgha ala Rọshịa bụ Dmitri II na ya Tushino "agha." Onyeisi ndị bishọp naanị aghọta otú ọdachi Russia ga-họọrọ ụzọ nke boyars.

Unu egela ntị Hermogenes boyars malitere mkparita uka na Polish ọchịchị. The N'ihi nke a okwu bụ nkwekọrịta nke kansul nke asaa na mmanụ e Prince Ladislas ibu eze. Na nna ochie gosiri niile ịkwụsi ike nke àgwà ya ebe a. Ọ na-etinye na-atụ ọtụtụ echesinụ ọnọdụ - Vladislav ike ibu a Russian Tsar enweghị na-ewere ha ka ha na Orthodox okwukwe, na baptism nke onyeisi ga-erukwa tupu mbata nke Moscow, na nwunye Vladislav ga nwere naanị a Russian girl, kwụsị niile mmekọahụ na Catholic Pope na katolizizmom ya nile n'obiọma. Zigara okporo osisi ndị a chọrọ, ndị nnọchiteanya nọ laghachi enweghị a azịza doro anya na nna ochie kwuru na ọ bụrụ na nke ịjụ Prince baptizim n'ihu okwu banyere mmanụ ya ocheeze okwu ga-rụrụ.

nye Semiboyarshina

Back to Sigismund zigara otu ọrụ nnọchite anya obodo gawa site Metropolitan Filaret na Prince Golitsyn na ntụziaka doro anya onyeisi ndị bishọp nke ukwuu na-achọ si Vladislav doo nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks. Hermogenes gọzie nnọchiteanya site n'inye a iwu iguzosi ike na nke a ina, na bụghị ikwe ka a aghụghọ nke Polish eze.

Na mgbe ahụ ọhụrụ Onyeisi agbanweela ujo. On 21 September, n'abalị, ma ama na-aghọ aghụghọ meghere ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke bụ isi obodo nke Polish agha edu Hetman Zolkiewski. Jehova na-agbalị na-enupụ isi nke a. Ma boyars niile zara iwe na nna ochie, chọọchị bụ ihe ọ bụla igbochi ya na omume nke ụwa. Sigismund onwe ya kpebiri na-Russian ocheeze, n'ezie dị nnọọ iso Russia ka Speech Pospolitnoy. A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke boyars chọrọ ịkwado ndị Polish eze. N'aka nke ya, na-Russian nochite ike mezuo iwu nke nna ochie, nguzosi ike ịgbachitere mba ọdịmma nke Russian ala na Orthodox Christianity.

Otu ụbọchị Onyenwe anyị Germagen rịọrọ ndị Russian ndị mmadụ, na-agba ume ha dina na-emegide ntuli aka nke a Polish eze achị Russia. Hot jupụtara na ezi omume nna ochie okwu ruru ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ, ọ hụrụ ihe na nkuzi mgbamejije na mkpụrụ obi nke ndị Russia.

Boyars zigara akwụkwọ ozi ọzọ na nkwenye nke vzoshestvii nke King Sigismund, ma n'ihi na enweghị ya mbinye aka serene onyeisi ndị bishọp nke Russian nnọchiteanya kwuru na site n'oge immemorial na Russian ala ọ bụla azụmahịa, ma n'ihu ọha ma ọ ego, malite na Council of ndị ụkọchukwu nke Ọtọdọks. Ma ọ bụ n'osisi na nke ugbu a siri ike ịnọgide na-na-Russian ala-enweghị a eze, mgbe ahụ, abụ isi arbiter ma e wezụga nna ochie Bole dịghị onye na-edozi ọ bụla azụmahịa nwere ike ịbụ na-enweghị iwu ya isi. Kpasuru ha iwe Sigismund kwụsịrị niile mkparita uka, ndị nnọchiteanya nọ laghachi Moscow.

Winter mgbede na 1610 Ụgha Dmitry II e gburu, sparking jubilation n'etiti ugbu Russian ndị mmadụ. Esiwanye ha malitere oku maka Ịchụpụ nke okporo osisi si Russian ala. Iji nwere anwụghị ụfọdụ na-egosi na okporo osisi onwe ha a. Ha na-ekwu na onyeisi ndị bishọp nke Moscow na nzuzo gbasaa obodo iwu, nke agba ndị mmadụ ume rally, na n'oge na-adịghị na-aga n'ihu na isi obodo iji chebe Orthodox Christian okwukwe na Ịchụpụ nke mba ọzọ mwakpo.

Ncheta nna ochie Hermogenes na Red Square na Moscow:

Ekweghị ekwe nke okwukwe na heroism nke Onyeisi

Na ọzọ na Onyeisi Hermogenes zuru iyi egwu. Polish sabo na agbakwa kpebiri ikewapụ nna ochie si gburugburu ụwa na-akwụsị na akụkọ nke nna ochie na-amasị ndị mmadụ.

January 16, 1611 agha na deployed na nna yad farmstead n'agha, Jehova doro ihere na ịkwa emo. Ma, n'agbanyeghị na ọ fọrọ nke nta zuru ezu iche, na-akpọ Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia of St. ekesa n'etiti ndị mmadụ. Russian obodo, maka umpteenth oge bilie na-agbachitere nke ala. Agha bugara mgbidi nke isi obodo n'ihi na ya ntọhapụ site na Polish mwakpo. Na February 1611 onyeisi ndị bishọp nke sabo wepụ na mkpọrọ ya na ọchịchịrị n'olùlù nke ebe obibi ndị mọnk Chudov, ebe agụụ na n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ ihere.

Jehova Hermogenes n'ihi okwukwe 17 January 1612 afọ. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịghị a otutu mmadu kwenyere na nke a nke. Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị akụkọ, onyeisi ndị bishọp nwụrụ agụụ, na ndị ọzọ na - ya na-ama ụma ọjọọ carbon monoxide ma ọ bụ brutally nyagburu.

Ụfọdụ oge mgbe ọnwụ nke okenye Moscow a napụtara ya site n'iru ya nke osisi, na February 21, 1613 na Russian ocheeze e ji site Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, onye Hermogenes doro anya na ekpere Chineke.

Ná mmalite, nna ochie e wee lie ya Miracle Obibi. Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị ozu Onyenwe anyị, e kpebiri ịkwaga mwere Cathedral - a arụsị maka elu ụkọchukwu Moscow. Ọ hụrụ na ike nke senti nọgidere incorrupt, n'ihi na foduru abụghị ala n'ala. Onyeisi canonization ada itie ke 1913.