Organelle - bụ ... ọrụ, Ọdịdị nke organelles

Organelle - a mgbe nile na-guzobere na cell na rụrụ a kpọmkwem ọrụ. Ha na-akpọ organelles. Organelle - nke a bụ ihe na-enye ohere cell na-ebi ndụ. N'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ na-mere ka nke akụkụ, ka onye ọ bụla cell na-emi esịnede organelles. Ha bụ iche iche ma-emezu ihe nile ọrụ na-enye ndị cell ndụ: a bụ metabolism, na nchekwa nke, na nkewa.

Gịnị bụ organelles?

Organelle - a mgbagwoju Ọdịdị. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwedịrị ike nwere onwe ha DNA na RNA. Na mkpụrụ ndụ nile e nwere mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, na cell center, igwe (mgbagwoju) Golgi ngwa, endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum). Na osisi nakwa nwere kpọmkwem cellular organelles: na vacuole na plastids. Ụfọdụ na-ezo aka organelles na microtubules na microfilaments.

Organelle - ọ bụ ribosome, na vacuole na cell center, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ka anyị lebakwuo anya na ihe owuwu ma na ọrụ nke organelles.

mitochondria

Ndị a organelles nye cell na ike - ha na-ahụ maka cellular respiration. Ha nwekwara osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ, na fungi. Abụọ ndị a cellular organelles nwere membranes: mpụga na esịtidem, nke dị n'agbata intermembrane ohere. Gịnị bụ n'ime shei, a na-akpọ a matriks. E nwere a dịgasị iche iche nke enzymes - bekee mkpa maka ngwa ngwa chemical Jeremaya mere. The n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nwere folds - cristae. Ọ bụ na ha ma na usoro nke cellular respiration. Ọzọkwa, na mitochondrial matriks bụ mitochondrial DNA (cDNA) na mRNA na ribosome n'ụzọ yiri ndị nke prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ.

ribosome

Nke a organelle maka translation usoro, nke onye amino asịd nke protein synthesized. Ọdịdị nke ahụ ribosome organelle mfe karịa mitochondria - na o nweghị akpụkpọ ahụ. Nke a organoid mejupụtara abụọ n'akụkụ (subunits) - obere na nnukwu. Mgbe ribosome-adịghị ejekwa ozi, ha na-iche na mgbe ọ na-amalite synthesize protein - jikọtara. Ọzọkwa nwere ike na-ezukọta na ọtụtụ ribosomes, ma ọ bụrụ na ndị polypeptide yinye, synthesized site na ha, bụ nnọọ ogologo. Nke a Ọdịdị a na-akpọ "polyribosomes".

lysosomes

Organelles ọrụ nke ụdị na-ebelata ka mmejuputa cellular mgbaze. Lysosomes nwere otu akpụkpọ ahụ n'ime nke bụ enzymes - akpali nke chemical Jeremaya mere. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị a organelles bụghị naanị gbarie nri, ma gbara dum organelles. Nke a nwere ike ime n'oge ruo ogologo oge na-ebu ọnụ na mkpụrụ ndụ na-enye ohere ya na-ebi ndụ ruo oge ụfọdụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụrụ na ndị nri ka na-amalite na-abata, na cell-anwụ anwụ.

Cell center: Ọdịdị na ọrụ

Nke a organelle emi esịnede abụọ n'akụkụ - na centrioles. Nke a mmụta n'ụdị cylinders, esịnede microtubules. Cell center - a dị nnọọ mkpa organelle. Ọ na-agụnye guzobe mitotic spindle. Ke adianade do, ọ bụ ya bụ center nke microtubule nzukọ.

Golgi image

Ọ bụ a mgbagwoju disk ekara akpụkpọ ahụ sacs akpọ cisternae. Ndị ọrụ nke a organelle na-sorting, na-eme ka ndị na-akpakọba ụfọdụ bekee. Synthesized ndị tumadi carbohydrates, nke bụ akụkụ nke glycocalyx.

Structure na ọrụ nke endoplasmic reticulum

Ọ bụ a na netwọk nke akpa na akpa gburugburu a akpụkpọ ahụ. E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị endoplasmic reticulum: ezigbo onye na ike ike. N'elu, nke ikpeazụ dị ribosome. Ezigbo na ike ike reticulum ịrụ dị iche iche ọrụ. The mbụ bụ maka na njikọ nke homonụ, nchekwa na akakabarede nke carbohydrates. Ọzọkwa, e na-guzobere rudiments vacuoles - organelles kpọmkwem maka osisi sel. Ike ike endoplasmic reticulum nwere ribosomes na ya elu, nke na-emepụta ihe polypeptide yinye amino asịd. Mgbe ahụ, ọ abatakwa endoplasmic reticulum, na e nwere na-kpụrụ a ụfọdụ sekọndrị, tertiary na quaternary Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein (yinye kwesịrị ekwesị kpara akpa).

vacuoles

Nke a organelle nke osisi sel. Ha nwere otu akpụkpọ ahụ. Ha akpọkọtara na cell sap. The vacuole dị mkpa ịnọgide na-enwe turgor. Ọ na-etinye aka na usoro nke eji nwayọọ nwayọọ amịkọrọ. Ke adianade do, e nwere contractile vacuole. Ha na-ẹdude tumadi na unicellular ntule bi na mmiri, na-eje ozi dị ka a mgbapụta efflux si mkpụrụ ndụ nke ngafe mmiri mmiri.

Plastids: umu, Ọdịdị na ọrụ

Ọ bụkwa ihe organelle nke osisi sel. Ha bụ nke atọ ụdị: leucoplasts, chromoplasts na chloroplasts. The mbụ na-eji na-echekwa nri mee, tumadi starch. Chromoplasts nwere dị iche iche pigments. Ekele ha, osisi multicolored petals. Ọ dị mkpa na-ahụ na nke mbụ iji na-adọta pollinating ahụhụ.

Chloroplasts - kacha mkpa plastids. The ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu n'ime ha bụ na epupụta na ị ga nke osisi. Ha na-ahụ maka photosynthesis - a yinye chemical Jeremaya mere na usoro nke na nke ahu na-akawanye organic inorganic bekee. Ndị a organelles abụọ membranes. Matriks chloroplasts akpọ "stroma". O nwere ihe plastid DNA, RNA, enzymes, na starch ebighị. membranous owuwu n'ụdị ego - thylakoids na-dị na chloroplasts. Inside ha, na photosynthesis. Ọ na-nwere chlorophyll, nke na-eje ozi dị ka a mkpali maka chemical Jeremaya mere. Thylakoids nke chloroplasts na-jikọtara n'ime a tojupụtara - grana. Ọzọkwa organelles bụ lamellae nke bụ interconnected onye thylakoids na-enye njikọ therebetween.

organelle ije

Ha na-ji tumadi maka otu-celled ntule. A na-agụnye flagella na cilia. The mbụ ugbu ke Euglena, trypanosomes, Chlamydomonas. Ọzọkwa ugbu ke spam flagella ụmụ anụmanụ. Cilia nwere ciliates na ndị ọzọ na unicellular ntule.

microtubules

Ha na-enye iga nke bekee, dị ka nke ọma dị ka a na-adịgide adịgide ụdị a cell. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na microtubules na organelles.