Physical ibu - na ọ bụ ... mmesho nke anụ ahụ quantities. anụ ahụ quantities usoro

Physics dị ka a ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụrụ phenomena nke ọdịdị, na iji ọkọlọtọ research ụzọ. Isi nkebi bụ: chọpụtara, hypotheses, omume nwere, na-amụ ozizi. N'oge chọpụtara guzosie ike ahụ pụrụ iche atụmatụ nke onu, N'ezie nke ya n'ezie, na o kwere omume na-akpata na ya pụta. Amụma nwere ike ịkọwa ihe n'ezie ihe omume, ka ya iwu. The nnwale-egosi (ma ọ bụ na-akwado) conjecture. Ọ-enye gị ohere ka nkezi nke quantities ke N'ezie nke nnwale, nke na-eduga ná nguzobe nke kpọmkwem dependencies. Pụtara ahụmahụ na N'ezie nke nchepụta bụ ihe ndabere nke a na nkà mmụta sayensị Ozizi.

Ọ dịghị ozizi nwere ike adịghị ekwu na ha pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị natara zuru na-adabere n'ihe ụfọdụ nkwenye n'oge nnwale. The ikpeazụ jikọtara nha nke anụ ahụ quantities e ji mara mgbe usoro. Physical ibu - bụ ihe ndabere nke mmesho.

Gịnị bụ nke a

Ma ihe ndị na-amata ọtụtụ ndị ụkpụrụ, nke na-akwado izi ezi nke amụma banyere iwu. Physical ibu - a na nkà mmụta sayensị na nkọwa nke anụ ahụ, qualitative mmekọrita nke na-abịara a plurality nke yiri ozu. N'ihi na onye ọ bụla ozu dị otú ahụ a quantitative e ji mara nke a kpere mmadu.

. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-atụgharị na akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ M. Yudin et al (1989 mbipụta) anyị na-agụ na-ahụ nke ukwu bụ "ihe e ji mara nke onye nke Njirimara nke anụ ahụ ihe (nkịtị usoro, onu ma ọ bụ usoro), na ngụkọta na mma n'ihi na ọtụtụ anụ ahụ akpọkwa, ma na okwu nke nọmba nke ọ bụla ihe. "

Ozhegov (1990 mbipụta) na-ekwu na a na-ahụ nke ukwu bụ - "na size, akporo, ogologo nke ihe."

Dị ka ihe atụ, ogologo - anụ buru ibu. Arụzi emeso dị ka anya, iji electrodynamics waya ogologo na thermodynamics analogous ibu ekpebi ọkpụrụkpụ nke vaskụla mgbidi. Ihe kachasi mkpa echiche na-anọgide otu: unit uru nwere ike ịbụ otu, na uru - dị iche iche.

The ịmata atụmatụ nke a na-ahụ nke ukwu, n'ihi na ihe atụ, site mgbakọ na mwepụ, bụ nnweta nke nkeji. Mita, ụkwụ, yaadị - atụ ogologo nkeji.

nkeji ịtụ

Tụọ ahụ buru ibu, ọ ga-jiri ya tụnyere uru natara kwa unit. Cheta ebube eserese na-atọ "iri anọ na asatọ parrots." Iji tọọ ogologo nke Boa, odide tụrụ ma ogologo ya na icheoku, enyí, enwe. Na nke a, na Boa ogologo tụnyere uto nke ndị ọzọ eserese na-atọ odide. N'ihi dabeere quantitatively site akwụkwọ.

The unit nke anụ ahụ nke ukwu - a ọtụtụ nke ya n'ihe na a kpọmkwem usoro nke nkeji. Mgbaghoju anya di a jikoro ebilite bụghị naanị n'ihi na nke na-ezughị okè, di iche iche jikoro, ma mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ihi na nke ikwu nkeji.

Russian ọtụtụ nke ogologo - mita - na anya n'etiti index mkpịsị aka na mkpịsị aka. Otú ọ dị, aka nke ndị niile dị iche iche, na mita, tụrụ aka madu, bụ dị iche iche si a yad na n'aka nke nwa ma ọ bụ nwaanyị. Otu ndiiche dị n'etiti ogologo nke jikoro-echegbu fathoms (na anya n'etiti Atụmatụ nke mkpịsị aka ya spaced iche ogwe aka) na n'ikpere aka (na anya si n'etiti mkpịsị aka ka n'ikpere aka ogwe aka).

-Akpali mmasị, na ụlọ ahịa na-elekọta ụlọ chiri ndikom nke obere gbara ajọ dimkpa. Aghụghọ ahịa zọpụta anụ ahụ na-eji ọtụtụ nta Meryl: yaadị, ikiaka aghọtazu.

elu usoro

Ndị dị otú ahụ a dịgasị iche iche nke jikoro adị bụghị naanị na Russia ma ná mba ndị ọzọ. Okwu Mmalite nke nkeji bụ mgbe aka ike, mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị a nkeji na-ẹkenam nanị n'ihi na mma nke ha nha. Dị ka ihe atụ, n'ihi na e ji atụ ihe ikuku mgbali ẹkenam mmHg. Mara ahụmahụ Torricelli, agaghi asu tube na-eji, si otú swamping mercury ekwe ịbanye otú ahụ pụrụ iche bara uru.

Engine ike tụnyere horsepower (nke a na-eme n'oge anyị).

Dị iche iche na-ahụ quantities n'ihe nke anụ ahụ quantities ime bụghị nanị mgbagwoju na-apụghị ịdabere na, ma na-sikwuoro mmepe nke sayensị.

The edo usoro nke jikoro

N'otu usoro ahụ quantities, ọma na kachasị ọ bụla mba mepere emepe, aghọwo a mkpa. The ndabere maka echiche e kuchiri dị ka ndị oke nke kasị nta na o kwere omume ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkeji site nke na mgbakọ na mwepụ mmekọrịta nwere ike kwuru na, na ndị ọzọ na ụkpụrụ. Ndị bụ isi ụkpụrụ ga bụghị ka o sie ka ọ bụla ọzọ, ha bara uru bụ iche kpebisiri na ghọtara na ihe ọ bụla aku usoro.

Anyị na-agbalị iji dozie nsogbu a na mba dị iche iche. Creation nke a n'otu usoro nke jikoro (metric, GHS, ISS, wdg) meworo ka ugboro ugboro, ma ndị a na usoro ndị na-achọghị ma ọ bụ site na a na nkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu, ma na anụ ụlọ, ulo oru ngwa.

The ọrụ ekenịm ke mbubreyo narị afọ nke 19, nke si ekpebi naanị na 1958. N'otu nzukọ nke a n'otu usoro e gosiri International Committee of Legal Metrology.

The n'otu usoro nke jikoro

1960 akara mere ihe akụkọ nzukọ nke General Conference on ọtụtụ. The pụrụ iche na usoro, na-akpọ «Systeme internationale d'Yụnaịteedị» (abbreviated SI) e kuchiri site na mkpebi nke a na-asọpụrụ mgbakọ. Na Russian version nke usoro a na-akpọ International System (SI afo).

Ọ na-e dị ka ihe ndabere maka 7 isi na ndị 2 ọzọ. Ha space uru kpebisiri ike dị ka benchmark

Isiokwu nke ahụ quantities nke SI

Aha nke isi unit	measurand	designation
		Internationalist	Russian
isi unit
kilogram	ibu	kg	kg
mita	ogologo	m	m
abụọ	oge	s	na
ampere	ugbu a	A	A
Kelvin	okpomọkụ	K	K
ahumachi	ego nke umi	mol	ahumachi
Candela	luminous siri	cd	cd
ọzọ nkeji
radian	ewepụghị n'akuku	RAD	ụtọ
steradian	siri ike n'akuku	SR	Olu

The usoro ike iso naanị nke asaa nkeji, dị ka a dịgasị iche iche nke anụ ahụ Filiks na ọdịdị na-achọ iwebata ihe na ọzọ ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ. The nnọọ Ọdịdị na-enye bụghị nanị na iwebata ọhụrụ nkeji, kamakwa ha na mmekọrịta ha na ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụ mmekọrịta (ha na-emekarị na-akpọ formulas nke akụkụ).

The unit nke anụ ahụ nke ukwu-enwetara site na iji multiplication, exponentiation na nkerisi isi nkeji usoro akụkụ. The enweghị space ọnụọgụ na ndị a arụmarụ-eme ka usoro bụghị nanị na-adaba adaba n'ụzọ niile, ma coherent (coherent).

ewepụtara nkeji

The nkeji na-kpụrụ nke asaa isi, na-akpọ emepụta. E wezụga isi na ewepụtara nkeji, mkpa maka iwebata ọzọ (radian na steradian). Ha akụkụ na-atụle ga-efu. The enweghị ngwá ha definition-eme ka ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka tụọ ha. Ha iwebata bụ n'ihi na ngwa nke usoro iwu nnyocha. Ka ihe atụ, ahụ nke ukwu "ike" na usoro a na-tụrụ na Newtons. Ebe ọ bụ na ike - a ọtụtụ nke ibe edinam ozu n'elu nke ọ bụla ọzọ, bụ ihe mere mgbanwe ọsọ nke a n'otu uka, mgbe ahụ, i nwere ike akọwa ya dị ka nke onye na-unit uka kwa unit ọnụego, kewara ekewa site unit nke oge:

F = k0M0v / T, ebe k - proportionality akpata, M - uka unit, v - ọsọ unit, T - oge unit.

SI akụkụ enye ndị na-esonụ usoro: n = kg0m / ^2, ebe atọ nkeji na-eji. Na kilogram na mita, na nke abụọ, kwuru na ndị isi. The proportionality ọnụọgụ bụ hà 1.

Ekwe Omume iwebata dimensionless ụkpụrụ, nke na-kọwaa dị ka ndị ruru nke edo quantities. Iji ndị gụnyere ndị ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu, dị ka a maara, bụ ruru nke frictional ike ike nkịtị nsogbu.

Isiokwu ahụ quantities ewepụtara isi

unit aha	measurand	akụkụ usoro
Joule	ike	kg0m 2 0s -2
onwa	nsogbu	kr0 m -1 -2 0C
naa	magnetik itinye n'ọkwa	0A 0C n'arọ -1 -2
volt	voltaji	2 n'arọ 0m 0s 0s -1 -3
ohm	eletriki eguzogide	2 n'arọ 0m 0s 0s -3 -2
pendant	electric ụgwọ	A0 na
watt	ike	2 n'arọ 0m 0s -3
Farad	permittance	0kg -2 m -1 0c 4 0A 2
Joule kwa Kelvin	okpomọkụ ikike	2 n'arọ 0m 0s -1 -2 0K
Becquerel	The ọrụ nke redioaktivu umi	-1 C
Weber	magnetik agbanwe oge	0kg 0s 2 m 0s -1 -2
Henry	inductance	0kg 0s 2 m 0s -2 -2
gafere hertz	ugboro	-1
Gray	etinye obi gị dum dose	2 m 0s -1
Sievert	Ẹkot radieshon dose	2 m 0s -2
okomoko	ìhè	m -2 -2 0kd 0sr
lumen	luminous agbanwe oge	cd 0sr
Newton	Ike, ibu	0kg m 0s -2
Siemens	eletriki conductivity	0kg -1 m -2 0s 3 0A 2
Farad	permittance	0kg -2 m -1 0c 4 0A 2

Common nkeji

Iji akụkọ ihe mere eme ụkpụrụ nke na-abụghị SI ma ọ bụ dị iche naanị site a space akpata, ọ bụ na isiokwu ahụ n'ihe ụkpụrụ. Nke a Common Units. Ka ihe atụ, mmHg, X-ray, na ndị ọzọ.

Space ọnụọgụ eji maka iwebata multiple na submultiple quantities. Nganiihu-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi a kpọmkwem ọnụ ọgụgụ. Ihe Nlereanya bụ centi-, kilo-, deca, mega- na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

1 kilometa = 1000 mita,

1 cm = 0.01 m.

typology nke ụkpụrụ

Ka anyị na-agbalị dee ụfọdụ bụ isi atụmatụ na-ekwe gị ịtọ ụdị uru.

1. Direction. Ọ bụrụ na ihe nke a na-ahụ nke ukwu emetụtachaghị direction, ọ na-akpọ a vector, ndị ọzọ - scalar.

2. The ọnụnọ nke akụkụ. Ịdị adị nke anụ ahụ quantities nke usoro na-eme ka o kwe omume na-akpọ ha akụkụ. Ọ bụrụ na usoro, niile nkeji nwere ogo efu, mgbe ahụ, ha na-akpọ dimensionless. Ọ ga-aka mma na-akpọ ha quantities na akụkụ hà 1. Mgbe echiche dimensionless ibu ezi uche. Isi ihe onwunwe - akụkụ - bụghị e kagbuo!

3. Site na-agbakwụnye ohere. Mmako ibu, nke bara uru nwere ike kwukwara, subtracted, ba uba site a na-akpata, wdg (e.g., arọ) - .. A anụ ahụ nke ukwu, nke bụ integrable.

4. mmekọrita na nkịtị usoro. Sara mbara - ma ọ bụrụ na ya bara uru pụrụ kpụrụ si ụkpụrụ nke subsystem. Otu ihe atụ bụ ebe tụrụ na square mita. Kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ - uru, nke uru bụ onwe ha nke usoro. Iji ndị na-agụnye okpomọkụ.