Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829): na-akpata, results, isi ihe (table)

Ọzọ Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) e mere site a ole na ole isi na-akpata. Chief n'etiti ha bụ ụka na ihe isi ike, bụ nke mepere ụzọ si Black Sea na Mediterranean.

isi ike nsogbu

Ọ we guzo na Bosphorus Istanbul - isi obodo nke Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman. ọ bụ nke mbụ nke Constantinople (ndị Slav kpọrọ ya Constantinople). Ruo mgbe 1453 e bụ isi obodo nke Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium. Nke a na obodo ghọrọ onye na-eduzi nke Orthodox Church na Russia. Ya mere, Moscow (na mgbe site St. Petersburg) isi kweere na ihe ha na iwu kwadoro na aka na obodo, nke bụ isi wusiri ike nke Christianity n'elu millennia.

N'ezie, ke adianade e ideological mere na pragmatic ihe. Free ohere ka Oké Osimiri Mediterenian nwere ike ikwado ahia maka mba anyị. Ke adianade do, ọ ga-abụ otu ihe mere na-egosi ya ọnọdụ dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi European ike.

The esemokwu na Caucasus

Ná mmalite nke XIX narị afọ, Turkey budata lagged n'azụ na mmepe nke ya agbata obi. Russia meriwo ọtụtụ agha na mba ahụ na-enweta ohere ka Black Sea.

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụla mkpọrọ na Turkey udo bụ naanị a truce. Aghara nke Interest kwughachiri ọbụna afọ mgbe e nweghị agha di n'etiti rivals. Anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere Caucasus.

Na 1818, ndị agha Russia malitere a agha megide Highlanders - amaala bi nke obodo. The isi nke mkpọsa bụ Aleksey Ermolov. Otú ọ dị, anyị agha agha ike na mountaineers n'ihi nke e na-emegharị ka agha ugwu. Ke adianade do, ndị bi Caucasus nyeere Turkey onwe ya, nke na-ere ha na ngwá agha. Eruba n'ime egbe, egbe na ego, nke gara site na ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman kwere mountaineers ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ ọma ichughachiazu Russian ọgụ. N'ezie, na Petersburg maara banyere enyemaka Alakụba Alakụba. Ya mere, Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) kwụsị a ọdachi maka Russian Alaeze Ukwu imekọ ihe ọnụ rivals.

Greek ajụjụ

N'ikpeazụ, nke atọ mere ndị agha dị n'etiti mba abụọ bụ Greek mgbanwe. Ya mere, na historiography ọ na-akpọ National Movement nke Balkan ndị mmadụ. A ole na ole narị afọ ndị Grik nọ n'okpuru Turkish na-achị. Esemokwu agbụrụ na-gbakwunyere okpukpe. Alakụba na-emegbu emegbu ndị Kraịst.

Na 1821, ọgba aghara nke ndị Gris, nke ghọọ a multi-afọ agha nke nnwere onwe. Kraịst na-akwado ọtụtụ mba Europe: Great Britain, France na Russia. Turkish ọchịchị zara oke ada megide ndị Gris. Ka ihe atụ, na agwaetiti Krit e gburu na ọtụtụ mepere Archbishops n'oge a na chọọchị ozi.

The agha Turkey ka kụrụ Russian aku na uba. Obere oge tupu ọ malite a-eto ngwa ngwa nke Odessa. Nke a ọhụrụ Black Sea mmiri n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-a free aku mpaghara, ebe ọ dịghị ọrụ. Na peacetime, ọtụtụ narị ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri ebe a. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere bụ nke ndị Grik na Christian achị ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman.

N'ihi nke a, ndị Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) bụ apụghị izere ezere. Nani site na ike nwere ike inyere aka ndị Grik, na iji kwụsị nsogbu na aku na uba nke ndịda na mpaghara nke mba. Mgbe Greek War ka malitere, iwu nke Russian Alexander I. Ọ dịghị ọnọdụ na-alụ ọgụ. Na mbọ a ọ na-akwado Austrian diplomaati. Ya mere, tupu ọnwụ ya, Russia anọzi atụ omume megide Turks.

The mkpebi nke Nicholas m

Otú ọ dị, na 1825, ndị ọchịchị emewo a nwanne Alexander - Nicholas. Ya-eto eto, o nwetara ọzụzụ agha, n'ihi na ọ dịghị onye na-atụ anya na ọ ga-aghọ onye-nketa. Dezie mgbe Alexander nwere nwanne ọzọ - Constantine, ma ọ jụrụ n'ocheeze. Site n'ụzọ, nke a oké isi na aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke oké eze ukwu Rom onye tọrọ ntọala Byzantium. Ọ bụ a ogbugbu ihe atụ nke Catherine II - ọ chọrọ ka nwa nwa ya na ocheeze Constantinople (Istanbul).

Military mmụta na àgwà Nicholas nyere onwe ya chere. The mba malitere ịkwadebe maka ihe escalation nke ndị agha. Ke adianade do, Nicholas chọrọ na-achụso otu nọọrọ onwe ha mba ọzọ amụma, ma ọ bụghị anya na European allies, bụ ndị na-kwụsịrị Alexander. The Western ike achọghị oké ike nke Russia. Dị ka a na-achị, ha na-agbalị ịnọgide na-enwe a itule nke agha na mpaghara, nke, N'ezie, ọ dịghị amasị Nicholas. Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) bụ iji bibie usoro ndenye ego na-ọtùtù. Ọ dịkwa mkpa iji tụlee a iche iche na nwunye nke Greek mgbanwe na-alụ maka nnwere onwe (1821-1830).

agha Navarino

Na 1827, na Baltic Oké Osimiri malitere ịkwadebe ndị skwodron, nke e kwesịrị-aga South n'oké osimiri. The Emperor Nicholas ẹkenịmde a emume show nke na-apụ apụ mmiri na Kronstadt.

Na mpaghara nke Ionian Islands Russian skwodron sonyeere na kemmekorita arịa si France na England. Ha gara Navarino Bay, ebe Turkish nsoro na Egypt. E mere nke a iji na-amanye ndị Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu kwụsị repressive atumatu megide ndi-Grik na-enye ha obodo kwụụrụ. The isi nke Russian skwodron bụ N'azụ Admiral Nbanye Heyden. Ọ tụrụ aro ka ha na-arụkọ na-kasị ikeike jikoro. The n'ozuzu management e nyefeela na British Admiral Edward Codrington.

Turkish otu nye otu iwu: kwụsị agha omume megide ndị Gris. Ọ (Ibrahim Pasha) ekpe ozi a na-azaghị. Mgbe ahụ Russian Admiral ka rụgide jikọrọ aka ịbanye n'ọnụ mmiri na-amalite agha megide Turks na ikpe, ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-emeghe ọkụ. The jikọtara fleets nwere ọtụtụ nke battleships, frigates, brigs (banyere 1,300 egbe na ngụkọta). The iro ụgbọ mmiri na ndị dịtụ ibu (na ego nke 22 puku akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ndị na ha).

N'oge a, ndị Turkish Ụgbọ mmiri ndị akwụsịtụ. Ha na-ọma-echebe, dị ka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Navarino bụ ebe e wusiri ike, nke nwere ike imeghe ogbunigwe ọkụ na onye iro nsoro. The n'ọnụ mmiri n'onwe ya bụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri nke Peloponnese.

Codrington anya iji zere ịlụ ọgụ na ka Ibrahim Pasha, na-enweghị iji ngwá agha. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ndị Russian ship "Azov" banyere n'ọnụ mmiri na ya amụ ihe ọkụ na na akụkụ nke Turkish, batrị, bụ on Sphacteria agwaetiti. Ke adianade do, na n'otu oge ahụ na-Turks gburu abụọ ndị ozi si England. N'agbanyeghị nke na-emeghe ọkụ, bụ Allied mmiri ke izute ruo ikadaha ndị àgwà na e kenyere ha, dị ka atụmatụ enyere Devid aka. Admirals ga kpamkpam mechie Turkish nsoro na n'ọnụ mmiri. Nke a na-facilitated site na eziokwu na ala e mechiri n'ọnụ mmiri na atọ n'akụkụ (Sfaktoriya agwaetiti na Chile). Ọ nọgidere na-emechi warara mkpagide, ebe gaa European ụgbọ mmiri.

Naanị mgbe Allied nsoro akwụsịtụ on, o meghere ọkụ na nzaghachi. The agha dịgidere ruo ihe karịrị awa anọ. The kasị ibu onyinye mmeri mere Russian na English (French ochiagha n'oge agha efu akara nke ha mmiri).

"Azov" karịsịa dị iche onwe ya anyị nsoro. O jere ozi dị a onyeisi Nakhimov na midshipman Kornilov - n'ọdịnihu dike na akara nke Crimea War. Na mmalite nke n'ọnụ mmiri n'abalị a udo ọtụtụ oku. The Turks bibie abiara ụgbọ mmiri, nke mere na ha na ọ dịghị onye iro. The jikọrọ aka efunahụghị a otu ụgbọ mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na, dị ka Russian "Hanko" natara iri ise oghere.

Ọ bụ a agha Navarino Bay-atụle ga-Okwu mmalite nke akwụkwọ, nke ndị ji na-Russian-Turkish agha nke 1828-1829. (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ malitere a ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị). Ozugbo Istanbul mụtara nke mmeri nke Sultan Mahmud Abụọ mere-akpali ya na-achị. O nyere iwu niile Alakụba iji kwadebe maka jihad megide Europe, gụnyere Russian. Si otú malitere na Russian-Turkish agha nke 1828-1829.

Naval agha

Anyị ọchịchị gbara nkịtị n'ihi na a mgbe. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na n'otu oge ahụ wee na agha na Persia, na St. Petersburg, ọ dịghị onye chọrọ a agha na abụọ asakde iso ese. N'ikpeazụ, a udo nkwekọrịta e banyere February na Iranians. April 14, 1828 , Nicholas m bịanyere aka a manifesto na agha na Turkey.

N'oge a, ndị Russian skwodron, nke abuana ke Agha nke Navarino, a na-arụzi na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Malta. Nke a agwaetiti bụ ihe onwunwe nke United Kingdom. The British emeghị akwado Russia na ya agha Turkey (ọzọ karịsịa emetụta European diplomacy). Britain kwuru ya na-anọpụ iche. Ọzọkwa, ya ọchịchị ọzọ kwadoro Turkey, achọghị iji ike Russia. Ya mere, anyị skwodron ekpe Malta iji zere-enweghị isi agha. Ọ kwagara n'àgwàetiti Paros n'Oké Osimiri Aegean, nke na Russian na isi mmalite na-akpọ Archipelago na XX narị afọ.

Ọ bụ ya n'ụgbọ mmiri were mbụ igbu nke Turks na-emeghe agha. April 21 enwere a naval agha n'etiti Ijipt na Russian corvette agha "Iezikil". The mmeri ikpeazụ. Akasiaha agha na Baltic Oké Osimiri ngwa ngwa kwadebe a ole na ole ọhụrụ mmiri na gara nnapụta na Mediterranean Sea (na ihe isi ike nke Black Sea, n'ezie, e mechiri). Nke a Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829) bụ mgbagwoju anya. Ihe mere mkpa reinforcements bụ enweghị ụgbọ mmiri na-egbochi ndị Dardanelles Strait.

The mgbochi nke Dardanelles

Nke a ọrụ e nyere ndị nsoro n'afọ mbụ nke agha. Ọ dị mkpa ka o bipụ ọkọnọ nke nri si na Istanbul na ndị ọzọ dị mkpa ego. Ọ bụrụ na ndị mgbochi e guzobere, Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), isi ihe nke di na-abịa, a kpaliri a kpamkpam dị iche iche ozo. Mba anyị ga-enwe ike na-emeri na ụzọ ha onwe ha aka.

Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), na table bụ ezi show, e duziri ihe hà ọnọdụ. Ya mere, ọ na-mkpa ngwa ngwa iji nweta ndị dị otú ahụ a mgbochi uru. Site na Strait gawa frigates na ndị ọzọ na arịa. Dardanelles na-egbochi site November 2nd. Russian mmiri na-ekere òkè ọrụ, dabere na atọ ọzọ agwaetiti (Moors Tasso na Tenedos).

Isi ihe ndị mere Russian-Turkish agha nke 1828-1829.

Ka 1828	Mmalite nke mgbochi nke Dardanelles
June 23, 1828	kpọọ Kirs
August 9, 1828	Ahaltsikhski agha
September 29, 1828	weghara Varna
May 30, 1829	agha kulevicha
August 7, 1829	The kpọọ nke Adrianople
September 2, 1829	Adrianople ụwa

The mgbochi e mgbagwoju anya site ike na oyi weather (site obodo ụkpụrụ). The oké mmiri ozuzo na oké ifufe. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ndị Russian-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri brilliantly rụrụ niile aga-eme na e debere n'ihu ha. Istanbul e ebipụ onunu, ụgbọ si Mediterranean.

Na Smyrna naanị ndị banyere 150 ụgbọ nile nke ndị ahịa onye nri Mkpughe dị ka mkpa. Ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke agha, ọ dịghị Turkish ship enweghị ike gabiga Dardanelles. Ruo mgbe August 1829 ọ we duru mgbochi nke Admiral Heyden. Mgbe Russian agha bịara Adrianople, na skwodron bụ ebutere Johann Dibicha - ọchịagha nke Prussian malite. The nsoro na-akwadebe inwere site na Dardanelles. N'ihi na nke a dị mkpa naanị na iji si St. Petersburg. Russian agha merie on ala, nke na-ekwe nkwa ihe ịga nke ọma ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, ka e soro. N'oge na-adịghị mgbe udo e banyere, na Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829). Ihe mere nke a na-egbu oge na-ezo na eziokwu ahụ bụ na European ike, dị ka mgbe niile, na ọ chọghị ka mmeri ikpeazụ nke Russia. Inweta Istanbul pụrụ iduga ihe ga malitere a agha dum West (mbụ niile - na England).

Na 1830, + Ụgbọ mmiri niile na agha ke Mediterranean, laghachiri na Baltic Oké Osimiri. Ewezụga bụ "Immanuel," nke a na-nyere ndị Gris, ghọrọ onwe ha.

Balkan

Isi Russian ike na mpaghara bụ Danube agha (95 na puku ndị mmadụ). Turkey nwere a nkeji na ibu site banyere ọkara.

The Danube agha ahụ bụ na-ihe gbasara onye isi, emi odude ke efere nke osimiri: Moldavia, Wallachia na Dobrogea. Agha nyere n'iwu site Petr Vitgenshteyn. Ọ gara Bessarabia. Ya mere na-adịdebeghị mmiri malitere Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829). The table-egosi akụkụ ruru na mpaghara a.

Balkan n'ihu

	Russia	Turkey
agha nke ọzọ	95000	150000
ọnwụ	5000	10000

The mbụ dara isi ebe e wusiri ike Braila. The nọchibidoro Varna na Shumla. Nọ na-echere maka Turkish agha support, Wallachia, otu ihe dị mkpa agha, nke e meriri site Russian n'akụkụ. N'ihi nke a, onye iro nọchigide agha nọgidere na-enweghị olileanya nke enyemaka si obodo. Mgbe obodo ahụ nyefeela.

Mgbasa Ozi 1829

Ọhụrụ 1829 ebe Wittgenstein a kpọlitere Johann Dibich. Ọ na-e nyere ọrụ n'ihu ya - ịgafe Balkans na iru Turkish isi obodo. N'agbanyeghị ntiwapụ nke ọrịa na-agha, ndi-agha rụrụ ọrụ ha. Nke mbụ bụ nọchigide Adrianople (bịakwutere ya August 7). Ndị na-akpata nke Russian-Turkish agha nke 1828-1829 bụ ịchịkwa Straits, na ha dị nnọọ nso.

Agha anaghị atụ anya na Dibicha agha gaa na anya na ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman. N'ihi na unavailability nke see ọchịagha kwetara ịtọgbọ obodo. Na Adrianople Russian agha ka chọpụtara a nnukwu ibu nke ngwá agha na ndị ọzọ dị mkpa ego, iji nweta a foothold na mpaghara.

Nke a ngwa ngwa ịga nke ọma n'ijuanya onye ọ bụla. Turkey kwetara kpakorita, ma ha na-ama ụma na-egbu oge, na-enwe olileanya na England na Austria ga-enyere ya aka.

Ka ọ dịgodị, Albanian Pasha gara Bulgaria na a 40-puku agha. Ya nghogbu o nwere ike ebipụ agha Dibicha guzo Adrianople. General Kiselyov, bụ onye nọ na oge na-eche nche Danubian isi, gaa izute onye-iro. Ọ jisiri ike were mbụ Sofia - isi obodo nke Bulgaria. N'ihi nke a, Mustafa hapụrụ ya ihe ọ bụla na-aghaghị ịlụso ọgụ bukwanu ike, iji nweta a foothold na Bulgaria. O kpebiri megide ya na steepụ azụ n'ime Albania. Russian-Turkish agha nke 1828-1829, ke mkpụmkpụ, ghọrọ ihe na ọzọ ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi na Russia.

Kọkeshịan n'ihu

Ke ukem na nmepe nke oké osimiri, na Balkans agha eketịbede na Caucasus. Russian agha na mpaghara nwere wakpo Turkey si n'azụ. Na June 1828, o nwere ike na-ebe e wusiri ike nke Kars. N'ezie nke Russian-Turkish agha nke 1828-1829. ebe a na-ọ bụ na ihu ọma nke Russia.

A n'ihu ibugo onu Ivana Paskevicha agha mgbagwoju anya site ọtụtụ ugwu ụzọ ụkwụ na-esi ike ikwu n'ụzọ. N'ikpeazụ, na July 22, ọ bụ na ahụ ájá nke ebe ewusiri ike nke Akhalkalaki. -Ekewapụ, naputa ya, gụnyere naanị nke a na puku ndị mmadụ. Ke adianade do, mgbidi na e wusiri ike nke nkera nọ disrepair. N'agbanyeghị ihe niile a na-anọ eche nche jụrụ-atọgbọ.

Na nzaghachi, ndị Russian egbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ shelling malitere. The ebe e wusiri ike dara nnọọ awa atọ. Bipu n'okpuru cover of ogbunigwe ngwa ngwa mụtara niile e wusiri ike na isi wusiri ike. Ọ bụ ọzọ ihe ịga nke ọma, nke a ga-echeta Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829). The isi agha wee ebe n'oge a na Balkans. Na Caucasus, ndị agha Russia mgbe na-alụ ọgụ na obere detachments, merie eke mgbochi.

August 5, ọ gafere Kura. On ya inflow bụ ihe dị mkpa e wusiri ike Akhaltsikh. 8 nke ogbunigwe ọkụ e meghere na ya. E mere nke a iji ghọgbuo 30000th agha nke onye iro, guzo nso. Na otú ọ mere. Turks kpebiri na Paskevich akwadebe oké ifufe ebe ewusiri ike.

Ka ọ dịgodị, ndị agha Russia sidled ruo na onye iro na mberede nsogbu. Paskevich furu efu 80 ikom gburu, mgbe Turks na-ekpe ndị agha abụọ na puku abụọ ozu. Remnants ọsọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, e nwere a kwesiri ngosi eguzogide na Georgia.

Na Caucasus, na Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), na obere, biri na a fiasco maka Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu. Paskevich nwere niile nke oge a na Georgia.

Ọchịchọ ịmata eziokwu na oké-ede uri Alexander Pushkin n'oge a gaa mba. O àmà ọdịda nke Erzerum. Nke a merenụ na a kọwara onye dere na-arụ ọrụ "Journey na Arzerum".

A afọ ole na ole tupu a, Paskevich ọma campaigned megide Persia, n'ihi na nke ọ ghọrọ agụ. Mgbe mmeri n'elu Turks, o nwetara Order of St. George nke akpa ntaifiọk.

Peace na-arụpụta

Mgbe ọ na-negotiated na Turks, na St. Petersburg ewe iwe arụmụka banyere ma kwụsị agha, ka ọ bụ na-esi Istanbul. Nicholas, bụ onye na-adịbeghị anya were ocheeze ahụ, kwụsịtụrụ. Ọ chọghị ka ha banye megidere Austria, nke na-emegide ike nke Russia.

Iji dozie nsogbu a, ndị eze ukwu ike a pụrụ iche otu. Ọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ bureaucrats bụ ndị eru ke nsogbu nke di n'iru ha. Ha nakweere a mkpebi dị ka nke, e kpebiri ichefu banyere Constantinople.

Nnọkọ Oriri na Ọṅụṅụ esemokwu mere udo 2 September 1829. The akwụkwọ e banyere Adrianople. Russia natara ọtụtụ obodo na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri nke Oké Osimiri Ojii. Ke adianade do, ọ gafere Danube Delta. The results nke Russian-Turkish agha nke 1828-1829. nwekwara kwubiri na Port mara ntughari ka Russia ọtụtụ na-ekwu na Caucasus. Ọ bụ Georgian alaeze na-isi. The Ottoman Alaeze Ukwu nwekwara gosiri na ọ ga-soro obodo kwụụrụ na Serbia.

The otu eke na-echere Danubian isi - Moldavia na Wallachia. N'ókèala ha ndị agha Russia. Ọ dị mkpa idozigharị ha. Ndị a bụ ndị dị mkpa na-arụpụta nke Russian-Turkish agha nke 1828-1829. Greece natara obodo kwụụrụ (na a afọ mgbe e mesịrị - nnwere onwe). N'ikpeazụ, Port aghaghị ịkwụ ụgwọ a nnukwu indemnity.

Straits ghọrọ free maka Russian ahịa ụgbọ mmiri. Na nke a nkwekọrịta na-adịghị usoro ha ọnọdụ n'oge agha. Nke a mere na-ejighị n'aka na-eme n'ọdịnihu.

Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), ihe ndị mere na-arụpụta nke isi ihe nke na-akọwara n'ime ihe onwunwe, ke nweta ya isi ihe mgbaru ọsọ. Alaeze Ukwu ka chọrọ ijide Constantinople, nke guzogidere na Europe. N'agbanyeghị nke a, na mba anyị anọgidewo ya mgbasa n'ebe ndịda.

Russian-Turkish War, 1806-1812, 1828-1829 ,. Anyị enen a na-emekarị. Ihe niile tụgharịa isi n'ala na a ole na ole ọtụtụ iri afọ. Obere oge tupu ọnwụ nke Nicholas m malitere Crimea War, nke na mba Europe n'ihu ọha na-akwado Turkey na wakpoo Russia. Mgbe ọ Alexander II nwere ga-agbanwe obi na mpaghara ebe a na-eme mgbanwe ndị dị na steeti.