The elu unit cell: Ọdịdị na ọrụ

The elu unit cell bụ a eluigwe na ala subsystem. Ọ na-ekpebi ókè-ala n'etiti mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi na cytoplasm. Eshgham enye ụkpụrụ nke ha na mmekọrịta. Anyị ọzọ tụlee peculiarities nke bughi-ọtọ nzukọ nke cell n'elu ngwa.

mmiri

Chọpụta ndị na-esonụ components nke ngwaọrụ n'elu eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ: ahụ plasma akpụkpọ ahụ, nadmembranny na submemranny okụre. The mbụ ahụ nọchiri anya n'ụdị a mechiri emechi * Tụkwasị mmewere. Plasmolemma atụle idé nke elu nke cell unit. Nadmembranny mgbagwoju (ọ na-akpọ glycocalyx) - bụ ihe elu so ewekarị n'elu plasma akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọ mejupụtara dị iche iche mmiri. Karịsịa, ndị a na-agụnye:

1. The carbohydrate òkè nke glycoproteins na glycolipids.
2. The akpụkpọ elu na-edozi.
3. Specific carbohydrates.
4. Poluintegralnye na integral edozi.

Submembranny mgbagwoju emi odude ke plasmolemma. Ọ mejupụtara nke dịpụrụ adịpụ support-contractile usoro na elu hyaloplasm.

Ihe submembrannogo mgbagwoju

Ịtụle Ọdịdị nke ahụ ngwa nke cell elu, ọ na-ewe a iche iche lee anya na elu hyaloplasm. Ọ bụ a pụrụ iche na cytoplasmic òkè na odude n'elu plasmolemma. Elu hyaloplasm na-anọchi anya dị ka ukwuu differentiated heterogeneous mmiri mmiri umi. O nwere a dịgasị iche iche nke elu na ala molekụla ibu mmiri na ngwọta. N'ezie, ọ bụ a microenvironment nke eruba-kpọmkwem na izugbe metabolic n'ibu. Elu hyaloplasm enye plurality nke elu ọrụ nke igwe.

Nweekwa contractile usoro

Ọ na-emi odude ke elu hyaloplasm. The na-akwado-contractile usoro tọhapụ:

1. Microfibrils.
2. Skeletal fibrils (etiti filament).
3. Microtubules.

Microfibrils bụ filamentous owuwu. Skeletal fibrils na-kpụrụ polymerization nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke protein ụmụ irighiri. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na ogologo na-achịkwa ndokwa pụrụ iche. Mgbe ha na-agbanwe anomalies ibili cellular ọrụ. Nsọtu si plasmalemma microtubules. Ha mgbidi na-kpụrụ tubulins edozi.

The Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke cell elu unit

Metabolism a rụrụ site na-enwe na iga usoro. Ọdịdị nke elu unit cell na-enyere ndị na-akpali akpali nke ogige site ọtụtụ ụzọ. Karịsịa, ndị na-esonụ iche nke iga:

1. Simple mgbasa.
2. N'ezinụlọ iga.
3. Active ije.
4. Cytosis (exchange akpụkpọ ahụ na ngwugwu).

Ke adianade iga, kpughere elu atụmatụ dị otú ahụ ngwa nke cell, dị ka:

1. Barrier (nkerisi).
2. Ihe nnabata.
3. Identification.
4. Function cell ije site mmụta ọkà ihe ọmụma, pseudo- na lamellipodia.

free ije

Simple mgbasa site n'elu unit cell a rụrụ nanị n'iru na abụọ nke akpụkpọ eletriki grajentị. Ya size ekpebi ọsọ na ntụziaka nke ije. Bilipidny oyi akwa nwere ike ikwu ụdị ọ bụla nke molekul hydrophobic. Ma, ọtụtụ biologically ifịk ọcha bụ hydrophilic. Ntem, ha free ije ike.

n'ezinụlọ iga

Nke a na ụdị compound ngagharị na-akpọ facilitated mgbasa. Ọ na-rụrụ site n'elu unit mkpụrụ ndụ na ọnụnọ nke a grajentị na enweghị ATP oriri. N'ezinụlọ iga bụ ngwa ngwa karịa free. Na usoro nke na-amụba ihe dị iche na ịta grajentị abịa a mgbe nke na-akpali akpali na-agba na-aghọ mgbe nile.

ebu

Transport site n'elu ngwa nke cell na-nyere site pụrụ iche ụmụ irighiri. Ndị a Vektọ site a ịta grajentị bụ nnukwu ụmụ irighiri nke hydrophilic ụdị (amino asịd, akpan akpan). N'elu ngwa eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ na-agụnye Vektọ maka a dịgasị iche iche nke n'ezinụlọ ion: K +, Na +, Ca +, Cl-, HCO3-. Ndị a kpọmkwem na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ji elu selectivity na-ebu ihe. Ke adianade do, otu ihe dị mkpa mma bụ ukwu ha njem ọsọ. Ọ nwere ike iru 104 ma ọ bụ karịa ụmụ irighiri kwa nke abụọ.

ifịk iga

Ọ e ji akpụ akpụ ndị ọcha megide grajentị. Ụmụ irighiri na-ebu site na a n'ógbè ala ịta na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke elu. Dị otú ahụ ije na-achọ a na-eri nke ATP. Mejuputa ifịk iga n'ime Ọdịdị nke n'elu anụmanụ cell ngwa na-agụnye kpọmkwem Vektọ. Ha na-akpọ "nfuli" ma ọ bụ "nfuli". Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a Vektọ ịdị iche iche ATPase ọrụ. Nke a pụtara na ha na-enwe ike gbarie adenosine triphosphate na wepụ ike maka ya arụmọrụ. Active iga na-enyere ndị e kere eke nke ion gradients.

cytosis

Nke a na usoro a na-eji akpali ahụ nke dị iche iche bekee ma ọ bụ ibu ụmụ irighiri. N'oge cytosis ebuga mmewere gbara a akpụkpọ ahụ vesicle. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ije bụ na onu, mgbe ahụ, ọ na-akpọ endocytosis. Ntem, ndị na-abụghị direction na-akpọ exocytosis. Na ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọcha gabiga. Nke a na ụdị nke iga na-akpọ transcytosis ma ọ bụ diatsiozom.

cytolemma

Ọdịdị nke cell n'elu ngwa na-agụnye a plasma akpụkpọ ahụ kpụrụ tumadi lipids na-edozi ahụ na a ruru nke 1: 1. The mbụ "Sanwichi nlereanya" nke mmewere e obụp mi ke 1935 Dabere na ozizi, ndabere plasmolemma akpụ lipid ụmụ irighiri mere ndokwa na abụọ n'ígwé (oyi akwa bilipidny). Ha tụgharịa ha ọdụ (hydrophobic mpaghara) ka ọ bụla ọzọ, na n'èzí na n'ime - na hydrophilic isi. Ndị a na-ebupụta na-ntekwasa na a oyi akwa bilipidnogo protein ụmụ irighiri. Nlereanya a na e enen ke 50s rụrụ arụ na narị afọ ultrastructural ọmụmụ mụụrụ na-eji ihe elektrọn microscope. Ọ na-e karịsịa hụrụ na elu unit mejupụtara a atọ oyi akwa anụ cell akpụkpọ ahụ. Ya ọkpụrụkpụ bụ 7.5-11 nm. Ọ bụ ugbu a nkezi ìhè na abụọ ọchịchịrị elu oyi akwa. The mbụ kwekọrọ na hydrophobic n'ógbè lipid ụmụ irighiri. Dark òkè n'aka nke ya, na-anọchi anya siri ike n'elu n'ígwé nke protein na hydrophilic isi.

ọzọ chepụtara

A dịgasị iche iche nke elektrọn-microscopic ọmụmụ, ekenịmde ke mbubreyo 50 - n'oge 60-ies. Ha kwuru na universality nke nzukọ nke a atọ oyi akwa akpụkpọ ahụ. Nke a na-apụta ìhè ozizi J. Robertson. Ka ọ dịgodị, site na njedebe nke 60s. M na-akwakọba a ọtụtụ eziokwu ahụ e kọwara na okwu nke ẹdude "bred nlereanya". Nke a kwalitere mmepe nke ọhụrụ atụmatụ, nke gụnyere nlereanya dabeere na ọnụnọ nke hydrophobic-hydrophilic nragide nke protein na lipid ụmụ irighiri. N'etiti otu n'ime ha bụ ozizi "lipoprotein ejiri aka kpaa." Dị na ya, esịnede nke akpụkpọ ahụ na-edozi ugbu abụọ na ụdị: integral na elu. Adịbeghị anya agbụ electrostatic mmekọrịta pola isi na lipid ụmụ irighiri. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mgbe ha na-etolite a na-aga n'ihu oyi akwa. A isi ọrụ na guzobere akpụkpọ ahụ bụ nke globular na-edozi. Ha na-mikpuru n'ime ya na obere zoro poluintegralnymi. N'ịga ndị a na-edozi a rụrụ na mmiri mmiri na-adọ nke lipid. A ana achi achi lability, na dynamism dum akpụkpọ ahụ usoro. Ugbu a, a nlereanya na-atụle ga-kasị nkịtị.

lipids

Key anụ ahụ na chemical e ji mara nke akpụkpọ ahụ oyi akwa na-nyere, ndị ọcha gosiri - phospholipids esịnede nonpolar (hydrophobic) ọdụ na a pola (hydrophilic) isi. Kacha nkịtị nke ha na-atụle phosphoglycerides na sphingolipids. Adịbeghị anya na-elekwasị anya tumadi na elu monolayer. Ha nwere a njikọ ahụ oligosaccharide ígwè. N'ihi na eziokwu na njikọ ịgbatị n'ofè mpụta plasmolemma, ọ na-enweta ihe asymmetrical udi. Glycolipids akpọ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmejuputa ngwaọrụ n'elu ihe nnabata ọrụ. Dị ka akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ndị akpụkpọ ahụ bụkwa cholesterol (cholesterol) - a steroid lipid. Nọmba ya dị iche iche, nke a na n'ụzọ dị ukwuu kpebisiri ike site na mmiri mmiri akpụkpọ ahụ. The ọzọ cholesterol, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'elu. mmiri mmiri larịị na-adabere na ruru nke unsaturated na jupụta ọdụdụ acid residues. The karịa nke ha, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'elu. Liquid emetụta ọrụ nke enzymes na akpụkpọ ahụ.

ndi na-edozi

Lipids kpebisiri tumadi mgbochi Njirimara. Ndi na-edozi, na iche, na-eme ka mmejuputa isi ọrụ nke cell. Karịsịa, na-achịkwa iga nke ogige, metabolism iwu, n'ikuku na na. Protein ụmụ irighiri na-ekesa na lipid bilayer nke a Mozis. Ha nwere ike kpaliri n'ime ime. Nke a na ije na-achịkwa, o doro anya, na cell onwe ya. The iga usoro aka microfilaments. Ha na-mmasị ka onye integral edozi. The akpụkpọ ahụ ọcha bụ dị iche iche dabere na gị na ọnọdụ na mmekọrita bilipidnomu oyi akwa. Ndi na-edozi nwere ike otú enwe elu na integral. The mbụ oyi akwa a na-metụtara nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ. Ha nwere a tenuous njikọ na akpụkpọ ahụ n'elu. Integral edozi kpamkpam mikpuru ya. Ha nwere ike nkekọ na lipids na iche na akpụkpọ ahụ n'emebighị bilipidnogo oyi akwa. Ndi na-edozi na banye n'ime na site na ya, a na-akpọ transmembrane. Mmekọrịta n'etiti protein na lipid ụmụ irighiri nke dị iche iche ọdịdị enye plasmalemma kwụsie ike.

glycocalyx

Lipoproteins nwere n'akụkụ ígwè. The oligosaccharide ụmụ irighiri nwere ike eke na lipids na glycolipids ụdị. Ha carbohydrate òkè ọnụ na yiri ọcha mmasị Cell n'elu glycoproteins ọjọọ ụgwọ na-etolite idé nke glycocalyx. Ọ n'ihu na a rụrụ oyi akwa nke na-agafeghị oke elektrọn njupụta. Glycocalyx ekpuchi mpụta plasmolemma. Ya carbohydrate òkè ikwado ude nke gbara agbata obi na mkpụrụ ndụ na bekee therebetween, na-enyekwa nyagide therewith. The glycocalyx-ugbu gitosovmestimosti na hormone anabata, enzymes.

Ọzọkwa

Akpụkpọ ahụ anabata na-tumadi na-anọchi anya glycoproteins. Ha nwere ikike iru nkwurịta okwu na a ukwuu kpọmkwem ligands. Anabata ugbu ke akpụkpọ ahụ, ke adianade do, ike mezie ije nke ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri n'ime cell permeability nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ. Ha na-enwe ike tọghata n'ókè site na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime esịtidem, na-adịgide adịgide na ihe nke extracellular matriks na cytoskeleton. Ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta kweere na ndị mejupụtara nke glycocalyx na-agụnye poluintegralnye protein ụmụ irighiri. Ha ọtọ ebe na-dị na mpaghara nke elu nke cell nadmembrannoy ngwa.