Guzobere, Secondary mmụta na ụlọ akwụkwọ

The ụdị nke cellular nzukọ nke microorganisms

Dị ka oge a cell Ozizi, isi bughi na ọtọ unit nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebi Earth, bụ a cell. Ọ bụ a mgbagwoju onwe-ahazi na-emeghe na tụụrụ biosystem. Structure na ọrụ nke cell ọmụmụ Cytology na microbiology. Nke ikpeazụ na-atụle kpọmkwem nke ọrụ dị mkpa nke bacteria na-prokaryotic ntule. Isiokwu a ga-atụle ụdị cellular nzukọ: otu na multicellular ntule, colonial iche-iche, nakwa dị ka atụmatụ nke Ọdịdị nke prokaryotic na eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ.

Etoju nke nzukọ nke ndụ okwu

Na bayoloji iche 6 etoju nke ndụ nzukọ: molekụla, cellular, organismal, bi-umu, biogeocenotic na Biosphere. Tụlee cellular larịị nke nzukọ, nke-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ metabolic Jeremaya mere (metabolism na ume), na mmeputakwa dịgidere. Ndabere nke usoro a bụ nyefe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa àgwà (mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa) si nne na nna na nwa mkpụrụ ndụ.

N'ihi ya, otu-celled ntule na-na, n'eziokwu, nnọọ ike n'ezi ihe na nnwere onwe nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, yiri ke udi ọrụ na-enwe akụkụ na anụ ahụ. More mgbagwoju ụdị cellular nzukọ - a colonial na multicellular ntule. Karịsịa, tụlee ihe atụ volvox colonial iche-iche. Ọ mejupụtara dị iche iche cell ụdị: vegetative na ịmụ ọmụmụ, ọ bụ ezie na yiri outgrowths cytoplasm na onye ọ bụla ọzọ, ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu autonomously. Chịrị nke green algae Volvox - a doro anya atụ evolushọn nke ndụ okwu unicellular ka multicellular ntule nwere ihe kasị dị mgbagwoju Ọdịdị. Ndị a mkpụrụ ndụ na-jikọtara na anụ ahụ na ụdị akụkụ-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche ọrụ.

The cellular larịị nke nzukọ nke ndị dị otú ahụ ntule ghọọ pụrụ iche owuwu - usoro (akụkụ okuku ume, digestive, excretory, wdg) N'ihi ya, multicellular organism na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe indivisible dum, na mkpụrụ ndụ bụ ya bughi unit.

Akụkụ nke prokaryotic ntule

Sel kọrọ ekewet isi, na butere n'aka onwunwe - DNA - na-emi odude na na cytoplasm ọzọ oké oyi akwa a na-akpọ prokaryotic.

The ụdị nke cellular nzukọ, nke dabeere na a ihe ịrịba ama nke ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ntọala - ya prokaryotes na eukaryotes. Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, ndị na-abụghị nuclear mkpụrụ ndụ: bacteria na cyanobacteria, nwere a kpọmkwem Ọdịdị, metụtara na peculiarities nke metabolism. N'ebe a, ha bụ: enweghị cell organelles dị ka mitochondria, Golgi ngwa, lysosomes, vacuoles, cell center, na endoplasmic reticulum. E ribosome synthesizing a nje na protein, obere gas vacuoles (idioadaptation ndụ na mmiri ozu ma ọ bụ mmiri ala). Ụdị ụfọdụ nwere organelles mmegharị - flagella.

The amụba mgbagwoju anya nke ihe owuwu ma na ọrụ nke eukaryotic

Cytology, ịnọgide na-amụ ụdị nke cellular nzukọ, chọpụtara na nucleated mkpụrụ ndụ dị nnọọ mgbagwoju organelles usoro na ana achi achi ha metabolism na ume. N'ihi achikota ọrụ organelles, ha esịtidem na gburugburu ebe obibi e ji mgbe nile mejupụtara na Njirimara - na-akpọ cellular homeostasis.

Eukaryotes, nke na-agụnye fungal mkpụrụ ndụ, osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ, nwere a ntọala, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi ngwa, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell center, lysosomes, vacuoles na plastids. Na eukaryotes, karịsịa mgbagwoju e a usoro nke cell nkewa. Ọ na-esonyere guzobe ihe dum usoro, a na-akpọ a spindle nkewa.

Iche na metabolism prokaryote na eukaryote

Atụnyere ụdị nke prokaryotic na eukaryotic cellular nzukọ, anyị na-ahụ na ha nwere ma myirịta na esemokwu zuru ezu dị oké njọ. Ka ihe atụ, na usoro nke na ọxịdashọn nke organic ogige site oxygen etinye obi gị dum site na mkpụrụ ndụ nke bacteria na nuclear ntule na-eduga ná yiri pụta: gbawara nke glucose na carbon dioxide na mmiri na ntọhapụ nke ike n'ụdị akụkụ synthesized ATP ụmụ irighiri.

Nke a na umi bụ a vasatail isi iyi nke ike maka ndị na-abụghị nuclear ntule na eukaryotes. Iche cellular respiration chọta, ihe owuwu, nke emezu nke a. Na nuclear ntule ya emee on mitochondrial cristae site enzymatic usoro - na Krebs okirikiri, na ọ na-rụrụ na bacteria na folds nke cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ, nke na-emi odude enzymes.