Tundra - a eke ebe. obere nkọwa

Tundra - ebe ọ bụ? Ọ bụghị ihe niile na-ike zaa a yiri mfe ajụjụ. Ka ihu ya. Tundra - a eke ebe (kpọmkwem ụdị nke zones), nke dabeere n'ebe ugwu nke ọhịa ahịhịa. Ala e permafrost, adịghị jupụta osimiri na oké osimiri na mmiri. Snow cover adịkarịghị uku 50 cm, na mgbe ụfọdụ anaghị ekpuchi n'ala. Permafrost na mgbe nile ifufe a ezighị ezi mmetụta na ọmụmụ (humus, ọ bụghị nwere oge "chara n'onwe" ke ndaeyo, ma fụọ si bụ friji).

The etymology nke okwu

Onwere, tundra - a echiche na nkịtị. A ka nwere mkpa ụfọdụ nkọwa. Tundra pụrụ nnọọ ịbụ na dị iche iche:-adọ mmiri, peat, nkume. Si n'ebe ugwu na ha na-ejedebeghị na Arctic desert, ma ebe ndịda ya n'akụkụ bụ mmalite nke Arctic. The isi mma nke tundra marshes na-atụle akwa iru mmiri, permafrost na oké ifufe. Ahịhịa e dịtụ ehighị nne. Osisi na-mbadamba n'ala, akpụ multiple n'ijikọta Ome (osisi "fom").

The nnọọ echiche nke (na etymology nke okwu) e biiri si Finns: Tunturi okwu pụtara "treeless ugwu." N'ihi na a ogologo oge na e weere ya na-egosi nke n'ógbè na bụghị chie nakweere. Ikekwe echiche emewo mgbọrọgwụ ekele Karamzin, nke siri ọnwụ na "okwu kwesịrị anyị okwu," n'ihi na na-enweghị ya bụ siri ike ịmata sara mbara, ala, treeless Araba, tojuru na akpaetu, nke nwere ike na-ekwu okwu njem, ọdịdị mbara ala na-ede abụ uri.

nhazi ọkwa

Dị ka ekwuola, na tundra - echiche a na-generalized. N'ezie, ọ na-ekewa atọ isi zones: Arctic, Central na n'ebe ndịda. Tụlee ha a obere ihe zuru ezu.

1. Arctic tundra. Nke a subband ahịhịa (predominantly). Ihe e ji mara semishrubs ohiri isi forms na mosses. "Correctness" nke osisi e. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ ihe nke iferi patches ụrọ permafrost awụ ọsọ mounds.

2. Nkezi Tundra (akpọ typical) ukwuu n'ime akpaetu. Near ọdọ mmiri e sedge ahịhịa na a obi umeala grasses na ọka. Ebe i nwere ike ịhụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ willow na Dwarf birch osisi, lichens, mosses ezo.

3. South tundra - bụ ukwuu n'ime sikrob ebe. Ahịhịa ebe a bụ dabere na lonjituudu.

ihu igwe

The idụhe bụ nnọọ aka ike (subarctic). Ọ bụ ya mere na tundra fauna bụ ụkọ - bụghị ụmụ anụmanụ nile na-enwe ike ime ka ndị dị otú ahụ a siri ike ifufe na oyi na-atụ. Nnọọ adịkarịghị, e nwere ndị nnọchiteanya nke nnukwu fauna. Ebe ọ bụ na nnukwu nke tundra emi odude n'elu Ugwu Finland, winters na-abụghị nanị ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike, ma ogologo. Ha adịghị adịgide adịgide maka ọnwa atọ, dị ka na mbụ, ma ugboro abụọ ka ogologo (akpọ pola n'abalị). N'oge a, karịsịa na oyi na-atụ tundra. Continental ihu igwe na-achọ ịdị njọ nke oyi. N'oge oyi, nkezi okpomọkụ na tundra bụ -30 ° C (na mgbe ụfọdụ n'okpuru, nke bụghị ihe ọhụrụ).

Dị ka a na-achị, okpomọkụ idụhe ke tundra abụghị (ọ bụ nnọọ obere). August a na-ewere ndị kacha bụrụ ezigbo ọnwa. The nkezi okpomọkụ n'oge a bụ + 7-10 Celsius C. Nke ahụ bụ ahịhịa na-abịa ndụ na August.

Flora, fauna

Tundra - a alaeze nke mosses na lichens. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ị pụrụ ịhụ angiosperms (ọtụtụ ọka dị ala), ala nke osisi, Dwarf osisi (birch, willow). Ahụkarị nnọchiteanya nke anụmanụ ụwa - a nkịta ọhịa, caribou, wolf, bighorn atụrụ, ùrúrù, lemming. Dị na tundra na nnụnụ:-acha ọcha-nku plover, plantain Lapland, ptarmigan, snowy ikwiikwii, Plover, Snow Bunting, Red-throated Pipit.

Tundra - a "na njedebe nke ụwa", onye mmiri bụ ọgaranya azụ (whitefish, whitefish, Cisco, inconnu). Akpụ akpụ ihe fọrọ dịghị: n'ihi na nke ala okpomọkụ jiri obi ịta mmiri ike na-ebi ndụ bụ nanị agaghị ekwe omume.