Ụzọ maka titrimetric analysis. titration ụdị. gbasara nyocha onwu

Ụzọ maka titrimetric analysis ekewa dị ka onye na-egosipụta nke titration na chemical Jeremaya mere na-ahọrọ iji chọpụta umi (akụrụngwa). Na oge a na onwu ịmata ihe dị iche quantitative na qualitative analysis.

ụdị nhazi ọkwa

Ụzọ titrimetric analysis họrọ a akpan akpan chemical mmeghachi omume. Dabere ụdị nke na mmekọrịta, e nwere a nkewa n'ime iche iche titrimetric mkpebi siri ike nke umu.

Ụzọ nke analysis:

• Redox titration; usoro dabeere na mgbanwe na ọxịdashọn ala nke ọcha na ihe onwunwe.
• Mgbagwoju guzobere bụ a mgbagwoju chemical mmeghachi omume.
• Acid-isi titration agụnye zuru neutralization nke reactants.

neutralization

Acid-isi titration na-enye ohere ikpebi ego nke inorganic asịd (alkalimetry), na compute a isi (atsidimetriya) ke chọrọ ngwọta. Esonụ a usoro ndị analyte imeghachi omume na salts. Mgbe iji organic solvents (acetone, mmanya) na ọ bụ ike ikpebi ihe bekee.

complexation

Gịnị bụ ọdịdị zuru oke nke usoro nke titration analysis? Ịchọpụta na-atụ anya bekee site ọdịda nke chọrọ ion ka a ufat soluble compound ma ọ bụ ya nkịtị na nta dissociated mgbagwoju.

Redoksimetriya

Ọxịdashọn-Mbelata titration dabeere na Mbelata na ọxịdashọn Jeremaya mere. Dabere na titrant reagent ngwọta na analytic onwu natara:

• permanganometry, nke a na-dabere na ojiji nke potassium permanganate;
• iodometry, nke dabeere na ọxịdashọn nke ayodiin, nakwa dị ka mweghachi nke iodide ion;
• bihromatometriyu nke utilizes potassium dichromate ọxịdashọn;
• bromatometry dabeere na ọxịdashọn nke potassium bromate.

Redox ụzọ titrimetric analysis na-agụnye ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks dị ka cerimetry, titanometriya, vanadometriya. Ha na-agụnye ọxịdashọn ma ọ bụ Mbelata nke kwekọrọ ekwekọ metal ion.

Site titration usoro

E nwere a nhazi ọkwa titrimetric analysis ụzọ dabere na usoro nke titration. Na kpọmkwem n'onwe titrated kọwaa ion họrọ reagent ngwọta. Usoro nnọchi titration usoro dabeere na ịchọpụta na narị afọ ise tupu mgbe ejighị n'aka na ọnụnọ nke chemical ogige. Titration nke fọduru (inverse usoro) na-eji ikpe ebe o siri ike bulie ìhè, nakwa na a ngwa ngwa orùrù-chemical mmekọrịta. Ihe atụ, na ịchọpụta na calcium carbonate ihe onwunwe na-emeso ntukwasi ngafe ego nke ọkọlọtọ ngwọta nke hydrochloric acid.

uru analysis

All ụzọ nke titration analysis na-atụ aro:

• kpọmkwem mkpebi siri ike nke olu nke onye ma ọ bụ onye ọ bụla nke omume ọgwụ;
• ọnụnọ nke titrated solution, site nke usoro a rụrụ titration;
• nchọpụta analysis.

Titrating ndabere nke nyocha onwu, ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ịtụle ihe ndị bụ isi arụmọrụ rụrụ n'oge nnwale. Ngalaba a nwere njikọ chiri anya-eme kwa ụbọchị. Enweghị ọ bụla echiche banyere ọnụnọ nke ngwaọrụ ma ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ndị tumadi mmiri na-adịghị, ọ bụ ike na-eme atụmatụ na mmepụta agbụ ígwè ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ, chemical na Metallurgical ụlọ ọrụ. Fundamentals nke gbasara nyocha onwu na-eji na-edozi mgbagwoju aku okwu.

Research Ụzọ na gbasara nyocha Chemistry

The ụlọ ọrụ onwu bụ sayensị nke ịchọpụta na mpaghara ma ọ bụ umi. Ndọkwasi titrimetric analysis - ụzọ mee ihe n'ihi na nnwale. Na ha nyeere ya aka, na-eme nchọpụta na-ekwubi ihe ndị mejupụtara nke umi, na quantitative ọdịnaya nke onye akụkụ. Ọ dịkwa ike n'oge gbasara nyocha nnwale mata ogo ọxịdashọn, nke bụ a akụrụngwa nke ule umi. Na nhazi ọkwa nke gbasara nyocha ụzọ nke onwu n'ime akaụntụ, ihe ụdị ihe o kwesịrị ịrụ. Tụọ uka nke dapụtara fọduru site na iji a gravimetric usoro nnyocha. Mgbe osisi ike nnwale ngwọta dị mkpa photometric analysis. The ịdị ukwuu nke EMF kpebisiri ike site potentiometry constituent mmiri nke ọmụmụ ọgwụ. The titration arụchi Ndiwụt ekenịmde nnwale.

Division nke gbasara nyocha ụzọ

Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, eji na gbasara nyocha onwu physicochemical, kpochapụwo (chemical) na-ahụ ụzọ. Site chemical ụzọ ọtụtụ ghọtara titrimetric na gravimetric analysis. Ma ụzọ ndị oge gboo, iyuzucha, na-ọtụtụ-eji gbasara nyocha onwu. The arọ (gravimetric) usoro agụnyekarị ikpebi uka nke a umi ma ọ bụ ya constituent mmiri, nke a dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ọcha ala, na na-na ụdị unyi anaghị agbasa na ogige. Volume (titrimetric) analysis usoro dabeere na-ekpebi ego nke reagent iwesa ke chemical mmeghachi omume a na-e na a mara ịta. E nwere a nkewa nke chemical na ahụ ụzọ dị iche iche iche iche:

• ngwa anya (spektral);
• electrochemical;
• radiometric;
• chromatography;
• uka spectrometry.

Specificity titration ọmụmụ

Nke a na ngalaba nke gbasara nyocha onwu agụnye ji atụ ego nke reagent nke a chọrọ maka full chemical mmeghachi omume na a mara ego nke a umi. Ihe kachasi mkpa n'ime usoro na ihe ngwọta nke ule umi na kwukwara dropwise ka a reagent nke mara ịta. Agbakwụnye, ọ dịruru ka anya dị ka ego ọ ga-abụ Ẹkot ego nke àkù nke mkpatụ na ya. Nke a na usoro na-enyere a elu na-agba ngụkọta oge na quantitative gbasara nyocha onwu.

Ka nchoputa Usoro atụle French ọkà mmụta sayensị Gay lusakite. The umi ma ọ bụ mmewere, na-ekpebisi ike na sample, kwuru na dị ka analyte. Otu n'ime ha nwere ike ịbụ ion, atọm, ọtọ iche iche agbụ free radicals. Reagents zoro gaseous, mmiri mmiri, siri ike umi, nke mkpatụ na a akpan akpan chemical. Usoro podlivaniem titration bụ otu ihe ngwọta na-ọzọ mgbe nile Ịgwakọta. A mkpa maka ịga nke ọma nke usoro bụ ojiji nke titration ngwọta na a ofu ịta (titrant). Maka mgbawa eji normality nke solution, i.e., ọnụ ọgụgụ nke gram-kachasị yitebe nke ihe ndị e dere na 1 liter nke ihe ngwọta. Titration arụchi wuru mgbe mmezi.

Chemical ogige ma ọ bụ ọcha emekọ nke ọma na-kọwaa ibu ichekwa kwekọrọ ha gram-kachasị yitebe.

Embodiments nkwadebe titrant si arọ nke na-amalite ihe onwunwe

Dị ka a mbụ usoro nke na-akwadebe a ngwọta na a gaghị agara ịta (titer kọwaa) nwere ike-atụle ezi sample ibu mgbasa na mmiri ma ọ bụ ọzọ ihe mgbaze na diluting na njikere ngwọta chọrọ olu. The titer nke dapụtara reagent nwere ike ịtọ ke a mara ịdị arọ nke dị ọcha compound na olu nke okokụre ngwọta. Nke a na usoro e ji mee ihe maka nkwadebe nke titrated ngwọta ndị ọgwụ nke nwere ike inweta na a dị ọcha ụdị, ndị mejupụtara nke nke na-adịghị agbanwe n'oge ruo ogologo oge nchekwa. Bekee ji mee ihe maka erikpu erikpu karama na-eji na mkpuchi emechi. Nke a na usoro nke na-akwadebe ihe ngwọta na-adịghị adabara bekee enwe elu hygroscopicity nakwa ogige nke banye chemical mmekọrịta carbon monoxide (4).

The abụọ technology bụ nkwadebe nke titrated ngwọta eji na pụrụ iche chemical osisi, na pụrụ iche laboratories. Ọ dabeere na ojiji na nkenke ntukwasi ichekwa nke siri ike dị ọcha ogige nakwa dị ka ojiji nke ụfọdụ ngwọta na normality. Umi-etinye iko vials, mgbe ahụ, kaa ha. Ndị bekee bụ n'ime iko vials, a na-akpọ fiksanaly. Mgbe arụ kpọmkwem nnwale ampule reagent izu n'elu foneelu, nke nwere ndakpọ ngwaọrụ. Ọzọkwa, dum akụrụngwa na-agafere banye a volumetric karama sochiri mgbakwunye na nke mmiri, a dị mkpa ego nke na-arụ ọrụ ihe ngwọta.

Titration a na-eji ihe algọridim nke omume. Burette jupụtara arụ ọrụ ngwọta njikere efu nke mere na ala-ya nile bụ ikuku egosipụta. Ọzọ, tụọ pipette ngwọta-nyochaa, mgbe ahụ, ọ na-etinye n'ime a conical karama. Tụkwasị ya, na a ole na ole tụlee nke egosi. Nke nta nke nta, na okokụre ngwọta na-kwukwara dropwise si a burette ọrụ ngwọta ekwu maka a na agba mgbanwe. Mgbe mụ na agba, nke na-adịghị akwụsị mgbe 5-10 sekọnd, na-ekpe ikpe ẹkụre titration usoro. Next n'ihu mgbawa, na ngụkọta oge nke olu nke nọrọ ngwọta a gaghị agara ịta, ka ubiere on nwere.

ọgwụgwụ

Titration na-enye ohere ikpebi quantitative na qualitative mejupụtara nke analyte. Nke a na usoro nke gbasara nyocha onwu dị mkpa maka a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrụ, ọ na-eji nkà mmụta ọgwụ, pharmaceutics. Mgbe ahọpụta na-arụ ọrụ ihe ngwọta na-chọrọ iji na-echeta ya chemical Njirimara nakwa dị ka ike na-etolite unyi anaghị agbasa na ogige na-amụ umi.