"Washington otutu mmadu kwenyere"

"Washington otutu mmadu kwenyere" - a set nke aku na uba ụkpụrụ macroeconomic atumatu setịpụrụ site English Economist John Williamson na 1989. Ha na-bu n'obi ka a nduzi bụ isi ná mba mkpa nke aka nke mba aku òtù dị ka World Bank na International Monetary Fund. Isi mesiri ike bụ na mkpa nke macroeconomic kwụsie ike na mwekota n'ime ụwa aku na uba, na ndị ọzọ okwu, neoliberal echiche nke ụwa ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, o mewokwa ka ejedebeghị results, mgbe ọ na e etinyere na mba n'ihu aku ọdụdọ.

N'ihi na ọtụtụ afọ na "Washington otutu mmadu kwenyere" e boro ebubo na ndị a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oké njọ destabilization, karịsịa ke Argentine nsogbu. Dzhon Uilyamson kwuru na ọtụtụ mgbe na ya pụta nke ya, mmejuputa iwu-abụrịrị na-akụda, achoputala ụfọdụ erughị eru, ma n'otu oge ahụ kwubiri na a iwu emewo ka ezi ihe - ya bụ, aku n'uba, oru ọrụ, gụnyere nke ịda ogbenye na ọtụtụ mba.

Echiche maka oge mgbe ha na-chepụtara Williamson, abụghị ihe ọhụrụ. Ma ha na-anọchi anya ndị quintessence ndị nkịtị themes n'etiti aro, nke kpebisiri ike site na International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, na US Akụ Department na ndị ọzọ na agbazinye ụlọ ọrụ.

The nzube nke ọkọlọtọ ngwugwu nke mgbanwe bụ na-edozi ezigbo nsogbu ẹdude na Latin America. Ya ụdi were na mmekọrita mba ndị ọzọ e-akatọ ọbụna na-akwado nke iwu. Dị ka a kọwara site Williamson onwe ya, a okwu chepụtara site ya iri kpọmkwem na-atụ aro na akụ na ụba iwu malitere ga-eji na a nabatara umu uche karịa na mbụ ya n'uche, ọ ghọrọ metụtara na neo-emesapụ aka ahịa fundamentalism na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ozuzu. Na na broadest uche nke "Washington otutu mmadu kwenyere" katọrọ ọtụtụ ndị economists, gụnyere na akụkụ nke George Soresu, Nobel Laureate Dzhozefa Stiglitsa, nwekwara Latin American ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Ọha na eze na gburugburu ụwa ugbu a ekwere na ọ bụ indicative nke a neo-emesapụ atumatu na mba ego oru na Washington kere a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kpọmkwem jikoro banyere Latin American mba na-enwe aku nsogbu, nke mere ka ukwuu ọbụna losses. E nwere ọbụna ndị na-enweghị ike ịkpọ okwu "Washington otutu mmadu kwenyere" na ọ dịghị abịa na iwe.

Iri mgbanwe, na-eme ka a na ndepụta nke Williamson, n'ezie na-anọchi anya a isi larịị.

1. gbasara ego obodo ịdọ aka ná ntị. Nke a ka a ga-rụrụ na obodo nile ebe e nwere otu nnukwu mpe, nke mere ka a nsogbu nke itule nke ịkwụ ụgwọ na elu onu oriri, nke kụrụ na ogbenye ọmụmụ, n'ihi na ndị ọgaranya nwere ike na-ha ego akụ ná mba ọzọ.

2. The redistribution nke ọha na emefu ebe ndị na-enye elu aku alaghachi ma nwere mma ego nkesa (a ọgwụ, bụ isi agụmakwụkwọ, na akụrụngwa).

3. Tax mgbanwe (Mbelata ọnụego ịmachi mgbasa tax isi).

4. The liberalization nke mmasị ọnụego.

5. A asọmpi ọnụego mgbanwe.

6. The liberalization nke mba ọzọ kpọmkwem ego.

7. privatization.

8. Trade liberalization.

9. The deregulation.

10. Huu ikike.

Doo nke ọtụtụ ndị ọchịchị "Washington otutu mmadu kwenyere" bụ n'ụzọ a mmeghachi omume uwa aku nsogbu na ka kụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime Latin America na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe na mpaghara n'oge 1980s. Ntoputa nke nsogbu nwere ọtụtụ na-akpata: a nkọ ịrị elu dị mmanụ ahịa mgbe e kere eke nke òtù OPEC na 1960, setịpụrụ larịị nke mpụga ụgwọ, US ibu na, mmọdo, na ụwa nke mmasị ọnụego. N'ihi nsogbu ndị a - ọnwụ nke ohere ọzọ mba ọzọ mgbazinye ego.

M ga-asị na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ na-agbalị ime eme dị iche iche ihe ndị na chọrọ ngwugwu, mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-eji dị ka a ọnọdụ maka inweta mgbazinye ego si IMF na World Bank.

Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị a mgbanwe na-anọgide a isiokwu nke ukwuu arụmụka, dị ka akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị-anọgide na-nyochaa ndị na-akpata na ihe nke aku na uba ọdụdọ, na-amalite mgbe e nwere a mbụ ụwa aku nsogbu na 1857, nke nwere mmetụta ọbụna na Russia. The eziokwu na Karl Marx malitere-arụ ọrụ "Capital" na oyi 1857-1858 afọ, na ọ e mere site na aku nsogbu na-ebilite ke n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1857 Taa, ka anyị maara, ọ bụ ozizi ọdụdọ jikọtara Marxist akụnụba.