Ẹkụre ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala gburugburu Moscow. Afọ III na nke Ivan Basil III

The njedebe nke XV na mmalite nke XVI narị afọ - ókè n'etiti Middle Ages na New oge, mara dị ka Renaissance, bụ oge nke ikpeazụ guzobere ọtụtụ ndị na mba Europe. Mgbe a na ogbo ọ na ẹkụre ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala gburugburu Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi. Na ndị mmadụ na ebe nchekwa ndụ aha ya initiators na executors. Ndị a bụ ndị magburu isi Ivan III, onye chịrị site na 1462 site na 1505, na nwa-ya, Vasily III, bụ onye na-ike site na 1505 ka 1533.

Atụmatụ centralization of Western Europe na Russia

Ọ ga ozugbo-ahụ kwuru na na Russia na na isi na mba Europe, n'otu mbụ ezughi ezu ala wee ebe dị iche iche akụkọ ihe mere eme eme. Na West, ihe e kere eke nke centralized na-ekwu na-akpali uto nke ihe onwunwe mmepụta, nke, n'aka, na-abawanye site n'imeziwanye nnweta-ego mmekọahụ na mmepụta nke aku na uba site na subsistence ugbo nso okpokolo agba.

Na Russia, ihe nile bụ ihe dị iche iche. Narị afọ abụọ nke Tartar yoke slowed mmepe nke ya na aku na uba na omenala, na dị ka a n'ihi nke ịdị n'otu nke rus mere megide feudal nzukọ nke aku na uba, nke doro anya na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-egbochi nke a. Ke adianade do, dị nnọọ kere eke nke a centralized ala -ekwe omume naanị na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ-na n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ala akụkụ nke akụkụ mbụ nke Kievan rus, e mmasị Hungary, Poland na Lithuania.

Fragmentation - kpatara akada Russian ala

Obi abụọ adịghị ya, isi ihe mere maka mmeri Udelnaya Russia Golden Horde bụ ya fragmentation, nke nwere ike ije ozi dị ka ihe atụ nke Vladimir ihe gbasara onye isi, kewara mgbe ọnwụ nke onye na-achị Prince Vsevolod n'etiti ndị nketa, na mgbe ahụ ghọrọ ihe dị mfe na-eri anụ nke mmeri. Na yiri phenomena ihe mere eme nke Russia nke oge ike deere n'ebe nile. Ọtụtụ nke Grand Duchy, mgbe ha nkewa n'ime obere fiefdoms, furu efu mbụ ha ike na furu efu ike iguzogide ndị iro. National akụkọ ihe mere eme jupụtara ndị dị otú ahụ ihe atụ.

Otú ọ dị, nchọpụta kweere ọnụnọ nke a mgbe niile iyi egwu si Golden Horde, na mgbe e mesịrị iche iche khanate, nke ọ akpaghasịwo, na ike ike iwu nke Western agbata obi nke ukwuu accelerated ẹkụre ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala gburugburu Moscow, na-eme ọ dị oké mkpa. Ukwuu nke n'aka bụ nke ya, mmejuputa iwu rịgooro ebekpo ke 1462, Ivan III.

Onye Okike nke a n'otu obodo

Mgbe e mesịrị na-aghọ a n'ezie isi sekpụ Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke a onye na-achị, wee aka ha kasị elu, n'oge ahụ, ndị ọchịchị, mgbe ọ bụ naanị iri abụọ na abụọ na afọ. Inwe mechara ha nke ọma na anya-ahụ ụzọ nke ọma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụ onye mbụ n'ime mba akụkọ ihe mere eme bịara mara dị ka "Eze Ukwu nke All Russia." Ọ bụ n'oge ọchịchị ya ghọrọ emblem anyị abụọ na-ekpupụ ugo, na Moscow e wuru, bụ nke dị ka nke a ụbọchị a nkume Kremlin.

Ivan III of, lụrụ nwa nwanne nke Byzantine eze ukwu, ẹkenam n'ụlọikpe ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị lush ememe, abụghị usụhọde ndị nakweere na European n'ụlọikpe. Ọ bụ n'okpuru ịchịisi ya, agadi okwu Russ e dochie anya ya site na nke ugbu a - Russian. Ọ rụrụ a buu ndutịm mgbanwe, ma ghọọ otu n'ime ndị dere nke ama Sudebnik - a set nke obodo na ekperima iwu.

Usoro nke Iwu nke Ivan III

Dị ka nke a, a-aga nnọọ n'ihu ya n'oge ahụ, akwụkwọ, na Boyar Duma e guzobere Grand Duke. Nnọchianya ya na-nyere ike management nke onye ebe nke ọha na eze ndụ na ghọrọ gọvanọ na shelves na isi gọvanọ na obodo.

E nwekwara ndị ọhụrụ nke iwu - Central ọchịchị, nke na-aga site na a pụrụ iche na-họpụtara ma ama ma ọ bụ clerks clerks. N'ime ime obodo, na agbanyeghị - ngwuro no n'agbata, management rụrụ site na-akpọ volostelyami - achịkwa Ọdịdị esịnede a free ndị mmadụ.

Of Iwu echesinụ akara center maka idu ndú nke obodo boyars na ezipụta na o kwere omume penalties bụrụ na nke na-abụghị nnabata ya na isi ka iwu. A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ya isiokwu banyere nzukọ nke ndị agha ya. Kama nke gara aga disparate ìgwè isi kere a n'otu agha. Obodo gentry-landlords na a chọrọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, a ga-mere dị ka Grand Duke na ya onwe ya ga-efu iji kwadebe a ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-ebelata ka a ụkwụ na inyinya ohu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dabeere n'ókè nke onye nwe nke ala na ụlọ.

N'abụ ahụ Moscow mbụ onwe ha fiefdoms

Amamihe na nke na mgbe ụfọdụ nnọọ aghụghọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Ivan jisiri, na-ezere na-emeghe esemokwu, mepụta njikọ Moscow, dị nnọọ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Russia. Nke a malitere na 1468, mgbe kpọmkwem isi Yaroslavl, na-aghọta na ikike kasị nke Ivan, banyere ya nrubeisi.

Afọ anọ gasịrị bịara Ukwu Perm akụkụ nke ya ihe gbasara onye isi. Rostov ihe gbasara onye isi n'oge ahụ onwe ha nanị ọkara - akụkụ nke ma zụta a abụọ tupu ya (sic) nna Ivan III, Moscow Prince Vasiliy Tomny. Na 1474, ndị azụmahịa ahụ gaa n'ihu na dị ka a N'ihi ya, ndị nile fọdụrụ n'ókèala e ceded na Russia.

Isi ike ụfọdụ biliri na accession nke Tver, gbara ya gburugburu a mgbanaka ọbụna tupu Moscow ala. Ya ma ama ruo mgbe na-adịbeghị anya gbalịrị na-arụ ụka na Ivan, ịgbachitere onwe ya, ma n'anya ya nnukwu retinue, na-abịaru nso ka mgbidi nke obodo, bụ nke gbara ọkpụrụkpụ okwu na ha ngwa ngwa na-iyi ịkwado.

Ụdi usoro gụnyere accession na 1489 Vyatskiye ala bụ ihe dị mkpa azu ebe. Ha replenished na coffers nke isi ego, tsenivsheysya na mba ahịa - na ajị anụ.

Dị ka a n'ihi nke centralization nke Russian iwu, nke anọgide na-achụ Ivan III of, na mgbakwunye na otu ebe uto nke ya na aku na uba na agha ike, na ụba ugwu nke ala. Nke a so mee ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ná mmalite afọ, a ga-abịa na XVI na narị afọ a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Russian isi, si n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na mpaghara nke mba ahụ, ma dị iche iche ihe na adawo ke ọrụ nke Lithuanian-achị achị, laghachi n'ala nna ha.

Novgorod ọdachi

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe niile nke ya nkebi nke ẹkụre ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala gburugburu Moscow mere were were. Otu ihe atụ nke a bụ ihe ndị mere tupu eketịbede gburugburu Novgorod, nọgidere siburu onwe ha Boyar Republic. Na ya n'ihi nke management mgbanwe, emejuputa atumatu 1410, nọ ike site n'ike nke oligarchic ama, na iwu nke Basil Dark si 1456, nyere a obodo isi kasị elu ikpe ikike.

Egwu (na n'ụzọ ziri ezi otú) ida a ịrịba òkè nke ùgwù mgbe Novgorod irubere na Moscow, akada boyars, gawa Posad nwaanyị di ya nwụrụ Marfoy Boretskoy, ịchọ enyemaka si Lithuanian Prince Casimir, n'ikwere vassalage na ikpe nke ya nkwado na agha na Ivan III. Na nzaghachi, ndị isi nke Moscow agbaala ikeike jikoro dị ka a n'ihi nke a na 1471 kwagara na-enupụ isi obodo n'otu agha, mejupụtara ìgwè nke niile subordinated Moscow isi.

The mkpa esemokwu, nke kwere Ivan III na obere okwu na-akpọkọta ndị dị otú ahụ otu nnukwu agha Novgorod bụ na-aga n'okpuru ikike nke Catholic onye na-achị, si otú na-enye a mere ebubo ha nke chọrọ ịgbanwe Ọtọdọks okwukwe "Latin". N'ụzọ dị iche na Moscow ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, nnupụisi gbakọtara nnọọ ukwuu, ma untrained na-agụghị oké agha bu ngwa agha. N'oge agha ikpeazụ, bụ nke mere na Shelon osimiri, ha na-meriri na-etinye ọsọ.

Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị ajọ mmeri nke Novgorod bụ ike kpakorita na onye-isi, na site na-akwụ ụgwọ a hefty indemnity ruo oge ụfọdụ ịzọpụta remnants nke mbụ onwe. N'ikpeazụ, Novgorod e weghaara na Moscow na 1478. A ogbugbu ihe atụ nke ịnọ n'ụkọ nke ikike onwe-mbo bụ ọdịdọ nke Novgorod nzukọ ha mgbịrịgba, site n'oge immemorial kpọkọrọ ha lebara mkpa ugbu a okwu.

Mgbe nrubeisi nke Novgorod Prince of Moscow bụ mmeri nke Tver ihe gbasara onye isi nwee siburu onwe. Ebe a, na a na-otú ọ ugboro ugboro otu akụkọ dị ka ọ na Novgorod. Tver isi, kwere na ọ na-apụghị iguzogide ndị ka elu agha nke Moscow, rịọrọ maka enyemaka iji otu Lithuanian achị achị dị ka Novgorod, na dị ka a n'ihi na ha tara ahụhụ otu eke.

N'oge niile iri anọ na-atọ afọ nke ọchịchị ya, Ivan III chua a otu ihe mgbaru ọsọ - ịdị n'otu nke ụfọdụ Russian ala. N'ihi na nke a, ọ banyere mba akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka "mkpoko nke Russian ala." Ọ merie ọtụtụ n'oge gara onwe ha Grand Duchy.

Ọgwụgwụ nke Tartar yoke

Ma, ihe ndị ọzọ, ya osisi na kwuru dị otú ahụ ihe dị mkpa mere ka ọgwụgwụ nke oge nke Tartar yoke, bụ nke e ji mara ya bụ mmeri nke ndị agha nke Moscow ndú ìgwè ndị Ahmad Khan na ndị Ugra River na 1480. Ọ rụzuru abụghị nke ukwuu agha kara dị ka nkà diplomacy, nke rụpụtara na Ivan III bụ ike ime ka onye na-enyere Devid aka nke Crimea Khan, bụ onye a ilu onye iro nke ya ugbu a iro, ma n'otu oge neutralize ihe nke Ahmed Khan, onye enyemaka, Lithuanian King. N'ihi ya, ifiọkde enweghị olileanya nke n'ọgbọ agha, onye Tartars hapụrụ ọkwá ha na gbaghachi azụ.

Nọchiri nna ya azụmahịa

Na 1505 na Moscow nnukwu ocheeze nwa Ivan III, Vasily III, site nnọọ mbụ ụbọchị ụlọ ọrụ gosiri na ya a nọchiri nna ya azụmahịa. Dị ka a ezi autocrat, o duuru a siri ike iwu, nzube nke nke bụ ibibi usoro ihe ochie nke isi na itinye na Moscow ka nwere n'oge ahụ onwe ha isi nke rus.

Fair na-ekwu na-eto eto na-isi ọ bụghị usụhọde nna ya ma ọ bụ mkpebi siri ike nke na-eme, ma ọ bụ ikike na-ahọrọ maka ha ndị kasị mma oge. Na nke a, nnọọ nkịtị igbaso na Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi nke Pskov, bụ onye na ruo mgbe ahụ na-achịkwa Lithuania. Iji mee nke a, Basil were ya idem emem mere site na mbuso agha nke Crimea Tatars.

Ọ bụghị nke na-enweghị aghụghọ na pụta ụwa nna-ya. Ihe atụ, na 1509 Basil 3 nyere iwu na-abịa izute ya na ya na Novgorod, Pskov nnọchiteanya tenements, nakwa dị ka ndị niile na-enweghị afọ ojuju na ọchịchọ ya ime ka Pskov n'okpuru Moscow nāchi bia. All rutere ya iwu, o ata ụta na enweghị obi ike na ya, na ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-egbu.

Board Basil 3 gwụsịa bụbu obodo nke Onwe. Mgbe na-egbu ndị obodo na-anọchite anya nke Pskov, ikpeazụ ya mere eme, na nnọkọ-ikpé, nke nakweere mkpebi na-adabere n'ihe ụfọdụ mmezu nke ihe nile chọrọ nke onyeisi. Pskov Veche mgbịrịgba, dị ka ibe ya Novgorod, gbara na-adịgide adịgide-ewepụ si n'obodo.

N'ọdịnihu, iji chebe onwe ha si kwe omume mmegide site attaching obodo n'ihe onwunwe ya, na-eto eto na-isi chụpụrụ ya na narị atọ ogaranya ezinụlọ na biri n'ọnọdu ha ihe hà ego nke o doro anya na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye ya ndị mmadụ si n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, nke a echiche na-abụghị nke ya, na nna-ya Ivan III of, dị nnọọ idebanye aha na mgbe oge ruru ka ndị ọgaranya nke meriri Novgorod. Ebe kagburu Pskov Veche gara aga usoro, Basil 3 nyere akara nke ya gọvanọ.

Gụkwuo usoro nke na ijikọta ala

Mgbe afọ anọ gasịrị, anọgide na-elu njikọ nke Russia, Vasily III sonyeere ya ihe gbasara onye isi nke Smolensk, reconquered ya na 1514. Lithuanians. The ebe nchekwa nke ihe omume a na e nadigh anwu anwu site e kere eke na Moscow Novodevichy Nọn. Ọ na-e solemnly bufee Smolensk Icon nke Nne nke Chineke, ghọtara dị ka ọrụ ebube, na-efe ofufe dị primordial n'echebe ala nke Russia.

The ikpeazụ ẹkụre ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala gburugburu Moscow e ruru mgbe na 1521 na steeti banyere Ryazan ihe gbasara onye isi. Ọ bụ n'ihu a na-ndabere na Moscow isi, ma na-ejigide ụfọdụ onwe. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ uzo nke bi Ryazan ma na-ụmụ amaala nke Moscow.

Isi oha ozu

Mgbe a na nzukọ nke Russian ala e dechara ya na otu ala, nke ghọrọ ndị kasị ibu Europe, ma na-akpọ kemgbe ahụ Russia. Ma nke a usoro naanị metụrụ ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Russia. Ịzụlite otu n'okpuru nkpa-n'aka-isi nke Moscow, nsogbu ke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ n'ala na aga n'ihu na-n'okpuru ikike nke Hungary, Poland na Lithuania, ọ bụ a okwu nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.

Ẹkụre ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala gburugburu Moscow choro e kere eke nke ihe ngwa ike inye centralized management nke ọhụrụ kere ala. Ha ghọrọ ndị Boyar Duma. Na nke mbụ ya na gụnyere ndị nnọchiteanya abụọ nke elu ọmụmụ n'oge nke boyars na courtiers, ma si n'etiti XV narị afọ ya mejupụtara kwukwara na isi mmasị ala Moscow,-eguzosi ike n'ihe aka n'oke-achị achị. Boyar Duma a napụ ndị omeiwu na nwere uma nke a deliberative ahu.

N'oge ọchịchị nke Basil 3 abụọ kwuo ụlọ ọrụ, tọrọ ntọala kpụrụ ekemende mandative usoro e. Ndị a bụ ndị na-akpọ Obí na-atụnye. The mbụ nyefee ala management, nke Grand Duke, na na omume nke-abua bu ego, Archive na ala akara.

Dị ka ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha, ẹkụre ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala gburugburu Moscow ahụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu-enweta ekele ọrụ egwuri site Russian Orthodox Church na usoro. Eme ya uru idozi ngwa ngwa mba mbipụta mee ka ndị na-ewu na 1448 na Metropolitan ocheeze Ryazan Metropolitan Jonah. Kemgbe ahụ, chọọchị na Russia natara ọnọdụ nke ihe autocephalous, nke ahụ bụ iche iche na onwe ha site na ndị ọzọ ụka, na ike ifịk ifịk imetụta esịtidem na mba ọzọ amụma nke ala.

Diplomacy ọhụrụ larịị

Muscovy narị afọ nke 16 na a kpụrụ site na mmakọ nke n'oge gara ụfọdụ ala enwetara a kpamkpam dị iche iche ọnọdụ na ihe nke mba ọzọ amụma. Ọ bụrụ na mbụ na ọ bụ nanị n'ihi na mmekọahụ na khans nke Golden Horde na ole na nso nke ndi-isi, mgbe ahụ, mgbe ndị obodo ahụ malitere na-anọchi anya otu nke Great Russian mba na-achị ya ga-akpọ Ọkaakaa, ya emewo ya ka o ruuru ịbụ ebe na Europe.

Russian diplomacy wee a kpamkpam dị iche iche ozo. Mgbe e dechara ya n'ala igba nke North-Eastern Russia, na Moscow, ndị mba ọzọ embassies n'oge mbụ malitere abịa ghara n'ihe ize ndụ na-aga n'ime Russian expanses na Novgorod. Kwesịrị ịdị, nke a mere ka isi ike ụfọdụ, dị ka na mbụ nwere obibi naanị na ukwu, na-azọrọ na otu okwukwe na-asụ otu asụsụ. Ugbu a, n'oge mkparita uka nwere n'ime akaụntụ atụmatụ nke okpukpe ndị ọzọ na iji kpe, na mgbe e mesịrị site n'ịmụ asụsụ.

The kpọkwara nke-isi abua nke Moscow Ivan III, nakwa dị ka nwa ya na nọchiri Affairs Vasily III-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Site odide ha, akwụkwọ ozi, zitere ná mba ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na aka na aha "Prince of Moscow na All Russia." Nke a pụtara na ihe niile Russia emechi ruo monolith na pụrụ ịnọgide na-idi ọnwụnwa.