Carbon ígwè. Nhazi ọkwa, GOST, ngwa

Steel - nchara ngwaahịa, isi ewu ihe. Site na ọ na-emepụta na-ewu rebar, metal nke profaịlị dị iche iche, akpa, n'akụkụ, ígwè na ngwaọrụ.

mmepụta nke ígwè

Iron na ígwè ọrụ a na-arụ na mmepụta nke ígwè na ígwè. Iron - ike, ma inogide ihe onwunwe. Steel - inogide, pụrụ ịdabere, plastic, ewekarị doping metal na- eji na foundries, inyefe, ibe ya bụrụ na zọ.

E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ nke ígwè mmepụta:

1. Ntụgharị. Equipment: oxygen Ntụgharị. The ụgwọ (isi): na-acha ọcha nkedo ígwè, ígwè scrap, na nkume nzu. Na-arụpụta nanị carbon steels.
2. Open-hearth. Equipment: open-n'ekwú ọkụ. N'Aka: mmiri mmiri nkedo ígwè, ígwè scrap, ígwè ore. Vasatail ma carbon na alloy steels maka.
3. Arc. Equipment: electric aak ọkụ. N'Aka: ígwè scrap, ezi ígwè, Coke, na nkume nzu. A eluigwe na ala usoro.
4. Itinye n'ọkwa. Equipment: itinye n'ọkwa ọkụ. N'Aka: nchara na igba ígwè scrap, ferro-alloys.

Ihe kachasi mkpa nchara mmepụta usoro - mbenata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke na-adịghị mma chemical inclusions iji nweta metal, nke a na-popularly kwuru na dị ka "ígwè" - ma ọ bụ kama, nke ígwè alloy enwe a carbon ọdịnaya nime ya abụghị ihe karịrị 2,14%.

deacidification Filiks

N'ihi na ígwè, ikpeazụ ogbo nke n'oké typical esi usoro, nke na-emetụta pụta ụwa nime ya nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide. Dị otú ahụ alloy na obi tara mmiri ala nwere a porous Ọdịdị, nke a na-ewepụ site inyefe. Ọ bụ nro na compressible, ma ọ bụghị zuru ezu inogide.

Deacidification usoro a agbanyụọla site na itinye a esi adịghị na ferromanganese alloy nke ferrosilicon, aluminum. Dabere na ego nke mmapụta gas na deoxidizing ọcha, nchara nwere ike nọrọ jụụ ma ọ bụ ọkara gburu.

The okokụre ígwè chọrọ ogo deoxidation ẹsinọ n'ime Ebu maka crystallization na-eji na ụdi usoro nzọụkwụ nke rụpụta nke okokụre ígwè ngwaahịa.

Nhazi ọkwa nke carbon ígwè

All nchara na dị ụwa ahịa nwere ike kere n'ime carbon na alloy. All ụdị nke carbon ígwè na-ekewa iche iche iche iche na atụmatụ nke classifier notation.

Dabere na isi nhazi ọkwa atụmatụ na-dịpụrụ adịpụ:

1. Carbon bughi ígwè. Ha carbon erughị 0,8%. Ha na-eji imewe nke valves, akpọrepu ngwaahịa na oge ọgbụgba.
2. Carbon ngwá ọrụ ígwè nke sodrezhat carbon ke ichekwa si 0,7% na 1.3%. Ha na-eji ngwá ọrụ, ngwaọrụ akụrụngwa.

Dị ka ụzọ nke deoxidation:

• esi - deoxidizing ọcha (RE) na ndị mejupụtara bụ ihe na-erughị 0,05%;
• semikilled - 0,05% ≤RE≤0,15%;
• ruo - 0,15% ≤RE≤0,3%.

Na chemical mejupụtara:

• ala carbon (0.3% ≤S);
• sredneuglerodistoj (0,3≤S≤0,65%);
• elu-carbon (0,65≤S≤1,3%).

Steel nwere carbon na ego elu karịa 1.3%, na-adịghị eji na ụlọ ọrụ.

Dabere na microstructure:

• hypoeutectoid - na a carbon ígwè na ndị mejupụtara bụ ihe na-erughị 0,8%;
• eutectoid - a nchara na a carbon ọdịnaya nke 0,8%;
• hypereutectoid ọmụmụ - nchara na a carbon content uku 0,8%.

On àgwà:

1. Nkezi àgwà. Sọlfọ na ọ nwere ihe na-erughị 0,06% site - karịa 0,07%.
2. Quality ígwè. Ha adịghị nwere sọlfọ na site 0,04% ukwuu.
3. Elu-edu. Mgbe ahụ ego nke sọlfọ bụ ihe na-erughị 0,025% na site - karịa 0,018%.

Dị ka isi ọkọlọtọ ọkwa carbon ígwè na-ekesa:

• bughi nkịtị quality;
• mwube quality;
• quality ngwaọrụ;
• instrumental àgwà.

Karịsịa ịkpọ bughi ígwè nkịtị quality

Steel nkịtị quality nkejikotara: si - ka 0,6%, S - na 0,06%, P - 0,07%. Ka anyị hụ otú nke a na-akpọ carbon ígwè. Standard 380 na-akọwa na-esonụ notation nuances:

• A, B, C - otu; A - na-adịghị gosiri na Nkweta;
• 0-6 mgbe letters "ST" - a Oghere Usoro ọgụgụ, nke na-ezoro ezo na chemical mejupụtara na (ma ọ bụ) n'ibu Njirimara;
• T - Mangan ọnụnọ nke igwe (manganese);
• KP, Ọma, c - ogo deoxidation (mmiri ịgbọ agbọ, ọkara gburu, udo).

The nọmba site 1 6 mgbe designation nke ogo deoxidation site a gbaara - a, Atiya. Na nke a, ndị mbụ na udi na-adịghị akara n'ụzọ ọ bụla.

The akwụkwọ ozi M, K akara mmalite nwere ike pụtara Metallurgical n'ichepụta usoro: n'ekwú ma ọ bụ oxygen-Ntụgharị. Na mberede, ndị carbon ígwè nkịtị quality ọkọnọ quantitative mejupụtara akara, banyere 47 iberibe.

Nhazi ọkwa nke bughi steels nkịtị quality

Carbon ígwè nkịtị quality na-ekewa iche iche.

• Group A: ígwè, nke ga-kpọmkwem dakọtara kpọmkwem n'ibu Njirimara. Ọkụ na-na-na-ọnọ n'ụdị a mpempe akwụkwọ na multi-akpọrepu (Ibé akwụkwọ, tees, H ngalaba, oyiyi akwa, rivets na ụlọ). Stampụ: St0 St1 - St6 (KP, Ọma, sp), na edemede 1-3, gụnyere St3Gps, St5Gps.
• Group B: nchara, na nke a ga-usoro ndị dị mkpa chemical mejupụtara na Njirimara. Arụpụtara mgbatị na Rolling, nke ga-akwagide ndị ọzọ machining mgbali ke ọkụ ọnọdụ (ibe ya bụrụ, zọ). Stampụ: BSt0, BSt1 (kn-cn) BSt2 (KP, Ọma) BSt3 (kn-cn, gụnyere BSt3Gps) BSt4 (KP, Ọma), BLS 6 (Ọma, cn), na edemede 1 na nke 2.
• Group B: ígwè, nke ga-soro chemical, anụ ahụ, n'ibu na nkà na ụzụ Njirimara. Otu a bụ pụta ụwa di iche iche nke akara, nke ka nke plastic mpempe akwụkwọ na ngwaahịa, inogide mkwado maka ebe na oké okpomọkụ, oké egwu akụkụ (bolts, kposara, axles, pistons mkpịsị aka). All ngwaahịa dị iche iche mejupụtara, Njirimara na ụdị nke ìgwè na-agwakọta ezi nkà na ụzụ weldability. Stampụ: VSt1-VSt6 (KP, Ọma, sp), VSt5 (Ọma, sp), tinyere VSt3Gps, Atiya 1-6.

Structural ígwè nkịtị àgwà - alloys enwe ọtụtụ-kwadoro sara mbara iji na ụlọ ọrụ.

Akara quality carbon ígwè

The carbon ọdịnaya nke ígwè nke si quality si 0,05% na 0,6%. -Agbaze nke metal nke otu nhazi ọkwa emee oghe n'ekwú ma ọ bụ electric aak usoro. A dịgasị iche iche nke carbon ọnụnọ diversifies n'ibu Njirimara: ala-carbon - plastic, nke na-ajụ - siri ike.

Quality carbon ígwè na-ekewet nke P na S karịa 0,04%, karị.

Labeling (GOST 1050-88):

• atụmatụ 05-60 - ọnụnọ nke ihe ezoro ezo carbon (min - 0,05% max - 0,6%);
• KP, Ọma, c - ogo deoxidation ( "cn" na-adịghị gosiri);
• T, U, F - ịnwe manganese, aluminum, vanadium.

Wezụga na labeling

Quality carbon ígwè ya labeling nwere wezụga:

• 15K, 20K, 22K - quality ígwè, na ọdabara na ji esi mmiri ọkụ na-ewu;
• MF-20 - Carbon - 0,2%, nchara bụ na ọdabara ka imewe nke ọkpọkọ site na-ekpo ọkụ Rolling na ji esi mmiri ọkụ na-ewu na echichi nke kpo oku usoro, mejupụtara ọla kọpa na chromium;
• Nnu - Steel maka imewe nke ụgbọ ala axles, nwere nickel, chromium, na ọla kọpa.

N'ihi na ihe niile ụdị nke elu-edu ígwè e ji ekwe omume mkpa iji thermal (e.g., normalizing) na thermochemical ọgwụgwọ (atụ, cementation).

Nhazi ọkwa nke carbon quality ígwè

Nke a na ụdị carbon ígwè nwere ike kere n'ime 4 iche iche:

1. Ductility ihe kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na oyi na-atụ na-arụ ọrụ (Rolling), inyefe mpempe akwụkwọ na tube. Brand - 08ps ígwè, ígwè 08, ígwè 08kp.
2. The metal na-eji na-ekpo ọkụ Rolling na ibe ya bụrụ, nke ga-arụ ọrụ na a thermally ike ike gburugburu. Brand - Steel nke 10 na 25 ígwè.
3. Steel, chọpụtara na ngwa ke imewe nke oké egwu akụkụ, tinyere iyi, akwukwo isi iyi, couplings, bolts, akụ. Brand - Steel nke 60 ruo 85 ígwè.
4. Steel ka a pụrụ ịdabere na ime na-enweghị omume enyi gburugburu (e.g., katapila yinye). Stampụ ígwè 30, ígwè 50, ígwè 30G, 50G ígwè.

Ọ dịkwa ike na-ekewa n'ime 2 iche iche niile ma ama ụdị nke carbon ígwè nke àgwà na klas: nkịtị bughi na bughi manganese.

The ojiji nke carbon bughi ígwè

Steel quality klas	akara	ngwa
nkịtị quality	a0	oyiyi akwa, siding
	St1	ika, I-ibé, ọwa
	St3Gsp	ụlọ mgbazinye
	St5sp	bushings, mkpụrụ, bolts,
	St6ps	mwube crowbars
	VSt4kp	ekara, mpempe akwụkwọ, akpọrepu ngalaba ígwè maka inogide owuwu
qualitative	Stal10	ọkpọkọ maka boilers, zọ
	Stal15	Nkọwa elu ductility, kam, bolts, mkpụrụ
	Stal18kp	weldments
	ígwè 20ps	anyu, ndụdụ, mkpịsị aka, oyiyi akwa, ọkpọkọ
	Stal50	Kwadobe, clutches
	Stal60	spindle, washers, spring washers

Carbon ngwá ọrụ ígwè e ji akwa ike na ike. Ha ga-n'okpuru a multi-ogbo okpomọkụ omume.

The carbon ọdịnaya nchara: 0,7 - 1.3%. N'ihi na àgwà - ruo 0.03% site - ruo 0,035%. A na ngwá ọrụ elu-edu: sọlfọ - ruo 0,02% site - ruo 0.03%.

Vintage akara (GOST 1435-74):

• U - carbon ngwá ọrụ;
• 7 -13 - carbon ọdịnaya nime ya 0.7-1.3%, karị;
• D - The ọnụnọ nke manganese;
• A - elu mma.

Wezụga na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke na-akanye carbon ngwá ọrụ steels - ihe maka akụkụ A75 ugboelu usoro ASU10E, AU10E.

Chọrọ maka ngwá ọrụ ígwè

Na dị na GOST, ngwá ọrụ steels ga izute a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke e ji mara.

Dị Mkpa physicochemical na n'ibu Njirimara: ekweghị ekwe quality egosi, ike, ike, na-eguzogide ndị okpomọkụ mgbanwe n'oge na ime (n'oge ọnwụ, mkpọpu ala, mmetụta ibu), corrosion eguzogide.

Kọwaa nkà na ụzụ Njirimara:

• iguzogide ọjọọ ọnwụ technology Filiks (n'ịnọgide nke ibe, hardening);
• ezi machinability mbịne ma na-egweri;
• susceptibility ka okpomọkụ omume;
• iguzogide ekpo oke ọkụ.

Dịkwuo mma nke n'ibu na nkà na ụzụ parameters ngwá ọrụ ígwè doro a multistage okpomọkụ omume:

• annealing amalite ihe tupu a na n'ichepụta ngwaọrụ;
• quenching (obi jụrụ ke nnu ngwọta) na ụdi tempering okokụre ngwaahịa (tumadi ala tempering).

The nwetara Njirimara na-ekpebisi ike site chemical mejupụtara na microstructure nwetara: cementite na martensite ka austenite inclusions.

The ojiji nke carbon ngwá ọrụ ígwè

Mee kọwara ígwè dị iche iche ngwaọrụ: ọnwụ, percussion, inyeaka.

• Steel U7, U7A - hama, chisels, anyu, chisels, sledgehammers, chisels, ịkụ azụ hooks.
• U8 ígwè, U8A, U8G - ịwa nkume, screwdrivers, punches, counter bores, egbutusị, ngwa mkpaji.
• Steel U9, U9A - bench ngwaọrụ, ngwaọrụ nke ịcha osisi.
• Steel U10, U10A ígwè, U11, U11A - rasps, taps, ighikota u, inyeaka ngwá ọrụ maka punching na mmezi.
• 12, U12A - reamers, taps, atụ ngwaọrụ.
• Y13, U13A - ntu faịlụ, adịghị nkọ na-awa ahụ ngwaọrụ, zọ punches.

Ò nhọrọ ọkwa carbon ígwè, okpomọkụ ya ọgwụgwọ technology, nghọta nke ya Njirimara na e ji mara - a nkwa nke ogologo ndụ na-emepụta, esichara ma ọ bụ mee ihe owuwu ma ọ bụ ngwá egwú.