Chemical Njirimara nke alkenes (olefins)

Olefins - hydrocarbons nke molekul nwere otu mkpi nkekọ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ugbu ogige akpọ hydrocarbons ethylene usoro. The abụọ nkekọ na molekul na-adị mfe mata site na spektral analysis.

Physical Njirimara nke alkenes

Atọ ndị mbụ òtù nke ndị homologous usoro nke alkenes - aputa. Nke ise na nke iri na isii - mmiri mmiri, elu molekụla ibu alkenes - solids. Na-abawanye na-amụba hydrocarbon yinye ogologo mmiri ịgbọ agbọ ebe bekee. Na laabu ọnọdụ, ndị a bekee nwere ike nwetara na ọtụtụ ụzọ: site dehydrogenation nke alkenes site cracking mmanụ ala, dehydrogenation nke alcohols.

Cracking mmanụ - ulo oru na usoro nke na-amị unsaturated hydrocarbons. N'ihi ya, thermal cracking mmanụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na 750 degrees, na alkane hydrocarbon ọkpụkpụ na-agbajikwa:

S30N62 → S15N30 + S15N32

Dehydrogenation nke alkanes. Usoro a na-rụrụ na a okpomọkụ nke 600 degrees. N'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a, jupụta hydrocarbon molekul site H atọm bụ rapara na-etolite alkenes, n'ihi na ihe atụ: → S5N12 S5N10 + H2.

Akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ nke alcohols. Monohydric alcohols mmekọrịta na sulfate acid ụdị alkenes, n'ihi na ihe atụ: S4N9ON → C4H8 + H2O.

Chemical Njirimara nke alkenes metụtara ọnụnọ ke ha molekul a abụọ nkekọ. The elektrọn njupụta n'etiti atọm, a abụọ nkekọ dị elu karịa n'etiti C atọm ejikọrọ na otu agbụ. Isi ụdị mmeghachi omume, nke na-abịa alkenes - accession, Bilie a pi-ezumike n'ihi na guzobere ọhụrụ abụọ sigma agbụ. Olefins banye polymerization mmeghachi omume, nke a na-esonyere cleavage nke abụọ agbụ.

Chemical Njirimara nke alkenes: isonyere halides

Olefins ngwa ngwa itinye onwe ha ka hydrogen halide molekul, si otú akpụ monogalogenoproizvodnye (e.g. S10N20 S10N21S1 → HC1 +). Mgbe mmasị alkenes kpụrụ H2O jupụta monohydric alcohols (S10N20 + H2O → S10N21ON).

ere ọkụ alkenes

Na okpomọkụ n'okpuru O2 olefins na-ngwa ngwa oxidized (ọkụ) na C02 na H20. Alkenes, mmekọrịta na potassium permanganate na-etolite a dihydric alcohols (glycols).

Chemical Njirimara nke alkenes: olefin polymerization

Ọkọnọ hydrocarbons igosipụta a ukwuu ọchịchọ polymerization mmeghachi omume. A, polima - bụ a ogologo agbụ ígwè na-ekwughachi bughi nkeji (monomers). Usoro a nwere ike malitere na ọtụtụ ụzọ, ma ọtụtụ mgbe ọ bụ a yinye, na-akọ na a free buu, cationic ma ọ bụ anionic Filiks.

Chemical Njirimara nke alkenes: cationic polymerization

Nke a na ụdị mmeghachi omume a na-catalyzed site asịd. Proton enyekwara olefin, akpụ a carbocation. Mgbe ndị a na-ikpeazụ ụgwọ na pi-sitemu ọzọ molekul na iche-iche alkene carbocation na a ogologo yinye, nke na-awakpo ndị na-esonụ olefin molekul, wdg Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ndị ejection nke a proton ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ usoro, "quenching" ụgwọ carbocation, ihe na-emeghe circuit emee. Mgbe anionic polymerization novice anion a kpụrụ site nucleophilic agha nke anion X- olefin. Mgbe mmasị proton yinye oge izu. Ọ ga-kwuru na free-buu polymerize kasị nke unsaturated hydrocarbons. Usoro a nwere ike butere H202, organic peroxides, hydroperoxides, wdg Open circuit emee ruru recombination nke radicals. Mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ihi na alkene Polymers eji copolymerization mmeghachi omume. Na copolymerization, a polima gụnyere akụkụ dị iche iche, e nwetụ na macromolecule na a ụfọdụ ụzọ. The mmeghachi omume ngwaahịa nwetara copolymer. Physical na n'ibu Njirimara nke ugbu ogige kpebisiri ike isi site ka nke eri oké nri nke mbụ nkeji, na ụdị na ego nke monomers esịne ke polima yinye.