Grand isi na Russia. Ndị na-achị oge ochie Russia

Kievan rus - ochie, nke bilitere na IX narị afọ. The mbụ akwa isi enịm ya biri na obodo Kiev, nke, dị ka akụkọ mgbe, e hiwere na na VI. nwoke atọ - Kyi, Scheck na Horeb. The ala ngwa ngwa bata okooko na-adọ ma nwere ihe dị mkpa na mba ọnọdụ. Nke a na-facilitated site oruru nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ahia mmekọahụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ike agbata obi, Byzantium na Khazar Khanate.

Askold Board

The aha "Russian Land" e kenyere na ala nke isi obodo ya dị na Kiev n'oge ọchịchị Askold (IX pasent.). In "Akụkọ nke gara Afọ," aha ya kwuru na-esote dir - nwoke nke okenye. Ka ụbọchị, e nweghị data na ya osisi. Nke a na-enye ihe ndabere maka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme (eg, Rybakovu B. A.) na-akpakọrịta aha Mgbada ọzọ aha otutu Askold. Ọzọkwa, ka ha na-edozilighị ajụjụ nke si malite nke mbụ Kievan-achị achị. Ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta kweere ha Varangian gọvanọ, ndị ọzọ na-erite si malite Askold na dir si n'ubi (Kiya ụmụ).

"Akụkọ nke gara Years" na-enye ụfọdụ ozi dị mkpa banyere ọchịchị Askold. Na 860, o mere a ọma mkpọsa Byzantium na ọbụna banyere a izu ẹkenịmde ke obloge Constantinople. Dị ka akụkọ mgbe ochie, o mere ka ndị Byzantine onye na-achị ịmata Russia dị ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha ala. Ma na 882 nọ gbuo Askold, Oleg, bụ onye nọdụrụ ala n'oche-eze nke Kiev.

Oleg Board

Oleg - akpa Grand Prince of Kiev, onye chịrị na 882-912 afọ. Dị ka akụkọ mgbe ochie, o nwetara ike na Novgorod site Rurik na 879, dị ka regent nke ya nwa ọhụrụ, na mgbe ahụ kpaliri ya na-adịgide adịgide nke obibi n'ime Kiev. Na 885 Oleg ka mmasị ya ihe gbasara onye isi ala Radimichi Slaven Krivichy wee mere a njem Ulichi na Tivertsy. Na 907 o mere megide dike Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium. Amamiihe mmeri Oleg Nestor kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ọrụ ya. Grand Duke njem bụghị nanị nyere aka iwusi ọnọdụ nke Russia na mba arena, ma meghere ohere oru-free ahia na Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium. New mmeri Oleg na Constantinople na 911 enen ihe ùgwù nke Russian ahịa.

Na ihe ndị a kwụsị ogbo nke guzobere ọhụrụ ala na center na Kiev na-amalite oge nke ya kasị ukwuu ọganihu.

Igor na Olga na-achị

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Oleg bịara ike nwa Rurik - Igor (912-945 gg.). Dị ka ya ụzọ, Igor nwere obibi nnupuisi isi ebutere agbụrụ ná njikọ aka. Ọchịchị ya amalite na a na-enwe nsogbu Drevlyane, ima ikpe na Tivertsy, ebe Grand Duke machie oké ụtụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ a iwu na-kọwaa ya abịanụ ọnwụ n'aka nke na-enupụ isi Drevlyane. Dị ka akụkọ mgbe ochie, mgbe Igor ọzọ bịara na-anakọta ụtụ, ha we kpọ isi ala abụọ birch osisi, kegide n'elu ụkwụ ya na wepụtara.

Mgbe ọnwụ nke onye-isi nke rịgooro ocheeze nke nwunye ya Olga (945-964 gg.). Ebumnobi bụ isi nke ya iwu bụ imegwara maka ọnwụ nke di ya. Ọ guzogidere niile antiryurikovskie ọnọdụ Drevlyane na n'ikpeazụ nọ n'okpuru ikike ha. Ke adianade do, na aha Olga Great jikotara mgbalị mbụ baptism nke Kievan rus, nke bụ kụrụ afọ n'ala. Atumatu na steeti okpukpe nke mkpọsa nke Christianity, wee na-eso Grand isi.

Svyatoslav Board

Svyatoslav - nwa Igor na Olga - iwu na 964-980 afọ. Ọ anọwo ọrụ na-eme ihe ike ike mba ọzọ amụma na fọrọ nke nta na-eche banyere ndị esịtidem nsogbu nke ala. First, n'oge ya na-anọghị, nke management aku Olga, nakwa mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'akụkụ atọ nke ala omume (Kiev, Drevlyansky ala na Novgorod) na-aga site na oké Russian isi Jaropolk, Oleg na Vladimir.

Svyatoslav mere a ọma nkuzi megide Khazar Khanate. Tupu ya entourage ike iguzogide ndị dị otú ahụ a dị ike e wusiri ike dị ka Samandar, Sarkel Itil. Na 967, o ulo oru Balkan mkpọsa. Svyatoslav weghaara n'ókèala ke ala esịmde nke Danube, were Pereyaslav na kụrụ e ya osote onye. The ọzọ njem na Balkan, o nwere ike nọrọ n'okpuru ya eziokwu dum Bulgaria. Ma na ụzọ home Svyatoslav squad e meriri Pechenegs, weere ọnọdụ na nkwekọrịta aghụghọ na Byzantine eze ukwu. na Grand Duke akpa ke obloge.

Vladimira Velikogo Board

Vladimir bụ iwu na-akwadoghị nwa Svyatoslav, dị ka mụrụ site Malusha - elekọta ụlọ Princess Olga. Nna ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke oké onye na-achị na ocheeze Novgorod, ma na esemokwu o jisiri jidere ocheeze Kiev. Ozugbo ike, Vladimir streamlined management nke ókèala na efopụ na ala ebutere ebo ọ bụla ịrịba ama nke obodo ama. Nke ahụ bụ mgbe ọ na-dochie ebo nke Kievan rus territorial.

Mgbe United Vladimir ala afọdụzie ọtụtụ agbụrụ na iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, gọvanọ bụ ike na-territorial ike n'ezi ihe nke ala, ọbụna site na ike nke ogwe aka. Nke a mere ka mkpa nke ndị ideological ziri ezi nke ikike nke Vladimir na ebo nile nke management. Ya mere, onye-isi kpebiri ịgbanwe ikpere arụsị site n'itinye na Kiev, nso na ebe-chọpụtara Obí nke Grand isi, arusi nile nke kasị asọpụrụ Slavic chi.

rus baptism

Agbali idozigharị na ikpere arụsị bụ kụrụ afọ n'ala. Mgbe na Vladimir kpọrọ ndị na-achị dị iche iche agbụrụ ná njikọ aka, ndị na-ekwupụta Islam, Judaism, Christianity, na na. D. Mgbe ege ha aro banyere ọhụrụ ala okpukpe, onye-isi zigara Byzantine Chersonese. Mgbe a nke ọma mkpọsa, Vladimir mara ọkwa ya ịlụ a Byzantine adaeze Anna, ma ebe ọ bụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume, dị ka ọ na-ekwu na ikpere arụsị, Prince ama ana baptism. Alaghachi Kiev, gọvanọ zipụrụ ndị ozi ka obodo iji nke niile bi na ụbọchị na-abịa ka Dnieper. January 19, 988 ndị mmadụ wee na osimiri, bụ ebe e mere ha baptizim Byzantine-nchu-àjà. N'eziokwu, ndị baptism nke rus bụ nchụpụ n'ike.

The ọhụrụ okwukwe ozugbo ghọrọ mba. First, Christianity kwadoro na ndị bi na nnukwu obodo, na chọọchị dị iche iche ruo mgbe XII narị afọ. e nwere ndị pụrụ iche ebe toro eto baptizim.

Pụtara nkwupụta obodo okpukpe

Doo nke Christianity nwere oké mmetụta na n'ihu mmepe nke ala. Nke mbụ, ọ mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na oké Russian isi ike na ya ka ndị ezughi ezu ebo niile na ndị. Nke abụọ, na ụba ọrụ nke ala na mba arena. Doo nke Christianity nyeere ịmụta nso njikọ na Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium, na Czech Republic, Poland, na German Empire, Bulgaria na Rome. o mekwara ka a na-agha mkpọsa nke Grand isi Russia na-agaghịkwa eji dị ka isi usoro nke mmejuputa iwu-nke mba ọzọ amụma atụmatụ.

Ọchịchị Yaroslava Mudrogo

Yaroslav Mudry nke Kievan rus n'otu n'okpuru ịchịisi ya na 1036 mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke esemokwu obodo ọhụrụ onye na-achị na--mma ọzọ n'ala ndị a. Ọ bụ ike ka ha laghachi Cherven obodo, tọrọ ntọala n'obodo St. George Chudskoy n'ala na n'ikpeazụ iti Pechenegs na 1037-m. Na nsọpụrụ nke mmeri mmekorita Jaroslav nyere iwu dina kasị ukwuu ụka - St. Sophia Katidral.

Ke adianade do, enye ama akpa collection of onodu iwu - "Eziokwu Yaroslav". Ọ ga-kwuru na ya na-achị achị n'oge ochie Russia (Grand isi Igor, Svyatoslav, Vladimir) kwuru ha ike site na ike, na-abụghị nri na iwu. Jaroslav aku ewu nke ụka (St. George Obibi, St. Sophia Cathedral, na Kiev-Pechersk Obibi) na-akwado ikike nke onye-isi ka ike ka kama na-adịghị ike uka. Na 1051, a họpụtara ya mbụ Metropolitan nke rus - Hilarion. Ndị ọchịchị Grand Duke nọgidere 37 afọ na nwụrụ na 1054.

Yaroslavichy Board

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Yaroslava Mudrogo kasị mkpa ala na-aka nke ya okenye - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav na Vsevolod. Ná mmalite, akwa isi chịrị ala nnọọ were were. Ha ọma buso ndị Turkic-asụ ebo nile nke Torquay, ma na 1068 na osimiri Alta ahụhụ a bibie na agha na-Polovtsy. Nke a mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na Izyaslav chụpụrụ si Kiev efehe aka Polish eze Boleslav II. Na 1069 ọ nọ na-enyemaka nke na-ejikọ ndị agha wee isi obodo ọzọ.

Na 1072 na Grand isi Russia gbakọtara Chamber na Vyshgorod, ebe ama koodu nke Russian iwu "Eziokwu Yaroslav" e mma. Mgbe nke a na-amalite a ogologo oge nke agha obodo. Na 1078 ocheeze Kiev were Vsevolod. Mgbe ọnwụ ya na 1093, ọ bịara na ike Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, na umu-ndikom abua, Vsevolod - Vladimir Monomakh na Rostislav - malitere ịchị na Chernihiv na Pereyaslav.

Ọchịchị Vladimira Monomaha

Mgbe Svatopluk ọnwụ na 1113, a kpọrọ ocheeze nke Kiev Vladimir Monomakh. Isi ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ya atumatu, ọ hụrụ centralization nke steeti ike na ike ịdị n'otu nke Russia. Iji guzosie ike na-adị n'udo dị iche iche isi o ji dynastic alụmdi na nwunye. Kpomkwem n'ihi na nke a, ma anya-ahụ ụzọ nke ọma na ụlọ iwu, ọ bụ ike nke ọma na-achịkwa mbara n'ókèala Russia maka 12 afọ. Ke adianade do, dynastic di na nwunye n'otu Kievan ala na Byzantium, Norway, England, Denmark, na German Empire, Sweden na Hungary.

Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh nditịm isi obodo nke Russia, akpan akpan, ọ e wuru akwa gafee Dnieper. Onye na-achị akpa ke 1125, na mgbe ahụ malitere a ogologo oge nke na-adakpọ na fragmentation nke ala.

Great isi oge ochie Russia na oge nke adịghị n'otu

Gịnịzi mere? N'oge feudal fragmentation ọ bụla 6-8 afọ, na-agbanwe na-achị achị n'oge ochie Russia. Grand isi (Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl, Rostov-Suzdal, Smolensk) agha akwa ocheeze ogwe aka. Ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ chịrị ala Svyatoslav na Rurik, ndị so kasị akpa ochie Olegoviches na Rostislavovich.

Na Chernigov-Seversky ihe gbasara onye isi nke ike bụ nke dị n'aka O. Davidovich na usoro ndị eze. Ebe ọ bụ na ala a na-gụrụ karịa ihe ọ bụla mgbasa Polovtzy isi jisiri nwere ha mmeri site na oruru nke dynastic alụmdi na nwunye.

Pereyaslavl ihe gbasara onye isi , ọbụna oge nke fragmentation ahụ kpam kpam dabere na Kiev. The kasị elu okooko ndị a n'ókèala ndị a na-aha nke Vladimir Glebovich.

Iwusi nke Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi

Mgbe Kiev iju isi ọrụ na-aga nke Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi. Ya ọchịchị biiri aha nke di nnukwu isi Russia.

Iwusi nke Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi ndị a na-aha nke Daniel (nwa nwoke ikpeazụ nke Aleksandra Nevskogo). O jisiri nọrọ n'okpuru obodo Kolomna, na Pereyaslavl ihe gbasara onye isi Mozhaisk. Na accession nke ikpeazụ dị mkpa ahia uzo na waterway p. Moscow bụ n'ime ókèala Daniel.

Ọbubu-eze nke Ivan Kalita

Na 1325, bịara na ike, Prince Ivan Kalita. O mere ka a na-eme njem Tver na meriri ya, si otú ahụ wepụ ya siri ike iro. Na 1328, o nwetara si Mongolian Khan si labelụ na Vladimir ihe gbasara onye isi. N'oge ọchịchị ya, Moscow ike sikwuo ya kara na North-Eastern Russia. Ke adianade do, na nke oge a kpụrụ a nso n'otu nke Grand ọchịchị na chọọchị, nke na-egwuri a dị ịrịba ama ọrụ ke kpụworo a centralized ala. Metropolitan Peter kpaliri ya obi si Vladimir na Moscow, nke ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa okpukpe center.

Na idina ndị Mongol khans Ivan Kalita chua a iwu nke na-achịkwa na nsogbu ugwo nke ụtụ. Fundraising na ndị bi na e nwere na appreciable rigidity na ada ka ìgwè na-aka nke onye na-achị bukwanu akụ na ụba. Ọ bụ n'oge ntọala nke Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi Kalita ike e liri ya. Nwa-ya Simon ka ẹkedọhọ aha "Grand Prince of All Russia."

Na ijikọta ala gburugburu Moscow

N'oge ọchịchị nke Ivan Kalita Moscow jisiri naghachi n'aka a usoro nke agha obodo, ma tọọ ntọala maka irè aku na ụba na usoro. Nke a ike e-akwado site na-ewu nke Kremlin na 1367 afọ, nke bụ a agha iji chebe onwe e wusiri ike.

Ke n'etiti nke XIV narị afọ. na-alụ maka elu na Russian ala gụnyere Prince of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod na Ryazan ihe gbasara onye isi. Ma isi onye iro nke Moscow Tver nọgidere ka. -Emegide ndị dị ike ihe gbasara onye isi achọkarị nkwado si Mongol Khan ma ọ bụ Lithuania.

Ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala gburugburu Moscow na-ejikọrọ na aha nke Dmitriya Ivanovicha Donskogo, onye nọchigide Tver ma merie ude nke ike ya.

agha Kulikovo

N'oge nkera nke abụọ na nke Iri na Anọ. Russian akwa isi iduzi ike-ha nile na-alụ ọgụ ndị Mongol Khan Mamai. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1380, ya na ndị agha ya wee ndịda ala nke Ryazan. N'ụzọ dị iche na ya, Dmitry Ivanovich etinye 120,000th squad, nke kpaliri na ntụziaka nke Don.
September 8, 1380 Russian agha nwere ọnọdụ ke Kulikovo ubi, na otu ụbọchị, ndị bụrụkwa agha - otu n'ime ndị kasị agha na ochie akụkọ ihe mere eme.

The meriri ngwa ngwa ida nke Mongol Golden Horde ma wusie uru nke Moscow dị ka etiti nke ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala.