History of ọkụ eletrik na Russia: ntoputa na mmepe

Ntoputa nke oge a na ụzọ nke eletrik ojiji e kpọkwasịwo a usoro nke nchoputa ke physics na injinịa, gbasasịa ke oge ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Science hapụrụ anyị na a iri na abuo aha ke emi abuana epoch-eme usoro. N'etiti ha bụ ndị Russian nchọpụta.

Aak Petrova

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ntoputa nke eletrik gaara dị iche iche ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị maka ihe ibuo physics na ịdị uchu na-akụziri Vasily Petrov (1761-1834). Nke a ọkà mmụta sayensị, chụpụrụ ha obere-ghọtara ọchịchọ ịmata, nọrọ a otutu nwere. A isi nweta ya chọpụtara nke electric aak na 1802.

Petrov egosila na ọ ga-eji maka bara uru na nzube - gụnyere maka metal ịgbado ọkụ, nēfe na ọkụ. N'otu oge ahụ a nnukwu galvanic batrị e kere site na experimenter. History of eletrik development nweta ọtụtụ ihe na-Vasily Petrov.

Yablochkov kandụl

Ọzọ Russian nchepụta onye so mee ka ndị na-enwe ọganihu na ike oru, - Pavel Yablochkov (1847-1894). Na 1875, o kere a carbon aak oriọna. Behind ọ nwetara aha "Yablochkov kandụl." N'ihi na oge mbụ mepụtara e gosipụtara ka ọha na eze na Paris World ngosi. Ya mere dere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke si malite nke ụwa. Eletrik, n'echiche na ihe-eji na-aghọta ya niile, anyị na-eru nso.

Oriọna Yablochkov, n'agbanyeghị revolutionary echiche nwere ọtụtụ egbu flaws. Mgbe disconnecting si iyi ọ nwụrụ, ma na-re-amalite kandụl bụ agaghịkwa ekwe omume. O sina dị, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na ọkụ eletrik si malite ikike ịhapụ ha ndekọ aha Paul Yablochkov.

incandescent Lodygina

The mbụ ụlọ ahụmahụ metụtara mepere emepe ọkụ eletrik, e duziri Aleksandrom Lodyginym na St. Petersburg na 1873. Ọ bụ ya na-mepụtakwara na incandescent oriọna. Otú ọ dị, kụrụ afọ n'ala ịme ọhụrụ ngwaahịa n'ime a uka na ime - ọ na-emezughị na-a niche na ubiquitous gas oriọna. The patent maka tungsten filament e rere ka a mba ọzọ ụlọ ọrụ General Electric.

Russian enthusiasts, Otú ọ dị, ida ịnụ ọkụ n'obi. Obere oge tupu Mbụ Agha Ụwa "Electric Lighting Company" ka enwetara nri Nlụpụta incandescent bulbs. Grandiose atụmatụ adịghị rụrụ n'ihi nke na-awụfu ọbara, akụ na ụba na-adakpọ na izugbe mbibi. Site 1917, incandescent bulbs bụ nanị na ndị ọgaranya ala nke ọma na-echekwa, na na .. Ke ofụri ofụri, ọbụna na abụọ n'isi obodo naanị a atọ nke ụlọ kpuchie dị otú ahụ mkpuchi. N'ihi na ọkụ eletrik a ọtụtụ ndị na-eche dị ka ịrịba okomoko, na onye ọ bụla ọhụrụ ngosi ọkụ dọtara uche nke ọtụtụ puku ụmụ amaala.

"Ike Nzipu"

Ikekwe akụkọ nke ntoputa nke ọkụ eletrik na Russia ga-enwe dị iche iche ma ọ bụrụ na uzo nke XIX-XX ọtụtụ narị afọ. na e nweghị ndị dị otú ahụ nsogbu na ọkụ eletrik ọkọnọ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ụlọ mmepụta ihe, na obodo ntà ma ọ bụ obodo nyere onwe ha na a ọhụrụ isi nke ike, ha zụta generators na ala ike. Ma, e nweghị obodo ego electrification mmemme. Ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ ihe n'uche nke obodo, ọ na-emekarị pụtara a ọhụrụ guzo si bins na idobere ego.

Eletrik History na-egosi na isi mgbanwe metụtara na electrification, mba enweta nanị mgbe ha pụtara zuru ike. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ike nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị ezu inye ume nke dum mpaghara. The mbụ ike osisi na Russia pụtara na 1912, na initiator nke ya e kere eke bụ ihe niile otu "Electric Lighting Company."

The ewu na saịtị kemgbe ndị dị otú ahụ ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa Moscow Province. The ojii na-akpọ "ike." Ọ na-atụle mgbe a tọrọ ntọala nna nke usoro engineer Robert Classon. The ike osisi, nke na-arụ ọrụ taa, na-agba ya aha ya. Ná mmalite eji dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala peat. Klasson onwe họọrọ saịtị nso a mmiri (mmiri dị mkpa maka jụrụ). Mmịpụta nke peat na-elekọta Ivan Radchenko, bụ ndị na-bịara mara dị ka a revolutionary na a so na RSDLP.

N'ihi "ike" akụkọ ihe mere eme nke eletrik ngwa natara a ọhụrụ na-egbuke egbuke page. N'ihi ya oge ọ bụ a ahụmahụ pụrụ iche. Energy e nyere na Moscow, ma anya, 75 kilomita n'etiti obodo na ojii. Nke a pụtara na ọ dị mkpa ka jide a elu-voltaji akara, analogues nke nke bụ ma na Russia. Ọnọdụ na-mgbagwoju anya site na eziokwu na na mba e nweghị iwu inye iwu mmejuputa dị otú ahụ oru ngo. The Gịnị ga-agabiga n'ókèala ọtụtụ magburu ala. Nwe wuru ebe onwe emebiwo oké ozu na-agbalị ime ka ha kweta na-akwado ụzọ. N'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike, anyị na-jisiri jide akara, na anụ ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke eletrik enwetara a oké njọ nweela. Moscow natara ya ike.

Station na trams

Ha pụtara na czarist oge, na nta-ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi. History of ọkụ eletrik na Russia nweta ọtụtụ ihe na-na-German industrialist Werner von Siemens. Na 1883, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na festive ìhè nke Moscow Kremlin. Mgbe mbụ ọma ahụmahụ nke ya ụlọ ọrụ (nke ga-emecha mara dị ka a n'ụwa nile na-nchegbu) kere ọkụ usoro nke Winter Obí na Nevsky Prospekt na St. Petersburg. Na 1898, e nwere a obere ike osisi na isi obodo na uzo na ọwa. The Belgians tinyere na a yiri ịmalite na mkpọda, na ndị Germany na - ọbụna otu na Novgorod n'okporo ámá.

History of ọkụ eletrik ahụ belatara bụghị nanị na ọdịdị osisi. The mbụ tram na Russian Alaeze Ukwu pụtara na 1892 na Kiev. Na St. Petersburg, ndị ọhụrụ ụdị ọha iga na 1907 ulo oru onye ike engineer Heinrich Graftio. Investors nke oru ngo bụ Germany. Mgbe agha ahụ dara na Germany, ha na-e si na Russian isi obodo, na ngo bụ na oge froze.

The mbụ hydroelectric ike ojii

Domestic akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na ọkụ eletrik nke ndị eze oge na akara mbụ obere hydroelectric ike osisi. Ndị mbụ pụtara na Zyryanovsk m na Altai Ugwu. Kasị ama rịdata na ojii na St. Petersburg na osimiri Large Okhta. Otu nke na-ewu ya bụ otu ihe ahụ Robert Classon. Kislovodsk hydroelectric "White Kol" na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke ike maka 400 streetlights, tram edoghi na etinyere na ịnweta mmiri.

Site 1913, na dị iche iche Russian osimiri nọrịị ọtụtụ puku obere hydropower osisi. Ndị ọkachamara na-eme atụmatụ ngụkọta ikike 19 megawatts. The kasị hydroelectric ojii bụ Hindu Kush na-asọpụta na Turkestan (ọ na-arụ ọrụ ọbụna taa). Na nke a, na Iv nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ, e nwere a kwesiri ngosi emekarị Central anāchi achi nke mesiri ike na ndị na-ewu nke kwes ike osisi, na anya anāchi achi - site n'ike nke mmiri. ike ọkụ eletrik maka Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo malitere na nnukwu investments nke ndị mba ọzọ. Ọbụna maka ojii ngwá fọrọ obere ihe niile bụ ndị mba ọzọ. Ka ihe atụ, turbines zụrụ n'ebe ọ bụla - site Austria, Hungary na US.

Na oge 1900-1914 gg. ọnụego electrification of Russia bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị elu nke ụwa. N'otu oge ahụ, e nwere a kwesiri ngosi distortion. Eletrik na-ọnọ tumadi na ụlọ ọrụ, ma ina home ngwa nọgidere ala. Ihe dị mkpa bụ nsogbu wee na-enweghị a centralized mba modernization plan. Na-aga n'ihu site onwe ụlọ ọrụ, mgbe n'ihi na ọtụtụ akụkụ - mba ọzọ. Germany na Belgians tumadi kwụrụ ụgwọ ọrụ na abụọ n'isi obodo, na-agbalị ghara n'ihe ize ndụ ego ha na a anya Russian n'ógbè.

electrification

Ndị bịara ike mgbe October mgbanwe, na Bolsheviks na 1920, adiaha a plan of electrification nke mba. Ya mmepe malitere n'oge Civil War. The isi nke ọrụ (nke electrification - na State Commission maka Electrification of Russia) họpụtara Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, onye ama ama ahụmahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche ume oru. Ka ihe atụ, o nyeere Robert Classon Station na turf na Moscow n'ógbè. Na ngụkọta, ọrụ kere site plan, gụnyere banyere abụọ na narị abụọ injinia na ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Ọ bụ ezie na oru ngo-a bu n'obi maka mmepe nke ike, ọ na-emetụta dum Soviet aku na uba. Na bịara Stalingrad traktọ Plant dị ka a ngalaba-ịmalite electrification. The ọhụrụ ulo oru ebe malitere na ndị Kuznetsk coal efere, nke malitere mmepe nke nnukwu ihe onwunwe nke ego na ya.

Dị ka atụmatụ nke electrification ọ bụ ka a rụrụ 30 district ike ụkpụrụ (10 na 20 HPP TPP). Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ taa. N'etiti ha, Nizhny Novgorod, Kashira, Shatura Chelyabinsk na thermal ike osisi, dị ka nke ọma dị ka Volkhovskaya, Nizhny Novgorod na Dnieper HPP. Mmejuputa iwu-nke plan emewo ka ntoputa nke a ọhụrụ aku regionalization nke mba. History of ìhè na ọkụ eletrik nwere ike ike jikọrọ mmepe nke iga usoro. Ekele electrification, ọhụrụ ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, na okporo ụzọ na ndị Volga-Don Canal. Ọ bụ site na nke a plan malitere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta nke mba ahụ, na ihe ndị mere na ọkụ eletrik na Russia tụgharịa ọzọ dị mkpa na peeji nke. Tinye electrification zaa e okosobode ke 1931.

Ike na War

On na Iv nke Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya, na ngụkọta ikike nke electric ike nke USSR bụ banyere 11 nde kilowatts. German mbuso agha na mbibi nke a ukwuu nke ndị akụrụngwa ukwuu belata ndị a ọgụgụ. Against ndabere nke a ọdachi na State Defense Committee mere ndị na-ewu nke osisi na-amị ike, nke na-azara ọnụ iji.

Na ntọhapụ nke ndị n'ókèala nwere site na Germany, malitere usoro nwughari nke ebibi ma ọ bụ mebiri emebi osisi. Ihe kacha mkpa na-hụrụ Svir, ndị Dnieper, na Baksan HPP Ķegums na Shakhtinskaya, Krivoy Rog, Shterevskaya, Stalinogorsk, Zuevskaya TPP na Dubrovskaya. Inye ọkụ eletrik obodo a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ ndị Germany na mbụ rụrụ site powertrains. The mbụ dị otú ahụ mobile ojii rutere Stalingrad. Site na 1945, ụlọ ike jisiri iru tupu agha mmepụta ọgụgụ. Ọbụna a nkenke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na ọkụ eletrik na-egosi na ụzọ nke modernization nke mba a-agwụ ike na tortuous.

n'ihu mmepe

Mgbe mmalite nke ụwa na Soviet Union wee na-ewu kasị n'ụwa nile TPP na HPP. Energy omume rụrụ dị na ụkpụrụ nke n'ihu centralization nke dum ụlọ ọrụ. Site 1960, ọkụ eletrik ọgbọ mụbara site ugboro 6 tụnyere 1940. Site 1967 nke biri na usoro nke na-eke a n'otu ike usoro, na-eweta ọnụ dum European akụkụ nke mba. The netwọk gụnyere 600 ụgbọ. Ha ngụkọta ikike bụ 65 nde kilowatts.

Ekemende mesiri ike akụrụngwa development anọwo na na Far East Asian mpaghara. Nke a na-nwere obere kọwara eziokwu na ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ na-elekwasị anya banyere 4/5 nke hydropower akụ nke USSR. "Electric," a nnọchianya nke 1960 bụ erection na Angara Bratsk HPP. Mgbe ọ pụtara a yiri ebe na Yenisei Krasnoyarsk.

Hydropower ghọrọ usoro na Far East. Na 1978, ke ufọk nke Soviet ụmụ amaala malitere ịbanye na nke ugbu a na-emepụta Zeya hydroelectric ojii. Ya elu nke dam - 123 mita, na ike mmepụta - 1330 MW. A ọrụ ebube nke engineering na Soviet Union e weere na Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Oru ngo-a na-emejuputa atumatu na a siri ike ihu igwe na Siberia na remoteness si nnukwu obodo ndị dị mkpa ụlọ ọrụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nkọwa (dị ka hydro turbines) gara-ewu ihe owuwu gafee Arctic Ocean, na-arụ ụzọ 10 puku kilomita.

Ná mmalite n'afo 1980, mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa na ume itule nke Soviet aku na uba. The amụba ọrụ na-egwuri site nuklia ike osisi. Na 1980, ha na-ekere òkè ike mmepụta bụ 5%, na na 1985 - ama 10%. Locomotive ụlọ ọrụ bụ Obninsk nuclear ike osisi. N'oge a malitere ngwa ngwa serial ewu nke nuklia ike osisi, ma aku nsogbu na Chernobyl ọdachi kwụsịlata usoro.

modernity

Mgbe ida nke Soviet Union e a ọnụ nke investments na ike oru. Stations na e wuru, ma bụghị ma e dechara, e chebere na nnukwu quantities. Na 1992, a otu okporo e webatara ke RAO "UES of Russia". Ọ bụghị aka iji zere a systemic nsogbu a siri ike aku na uba.

Nke abụọ ifufe ike ụlọ ọrụ abịa na XXI narị afọ. Ọtụtụ Soviet maliteghachiri ewu. Ka ihe atụ, na 2009, ọ dechara ewu nke Bureya HPP malitere azụ na 1978. Wuru na nuklia ike: na Baltic, Beloyarsk, Leningrad, Rostov.