Hydrogen

Hydrogen na ọtụtụ-eji dị iche iche alaka nke ụlọ ọrụ: na njikọ nke hydrogen chloride, amonia (amonia bụ n'ihu eji maka mmepụta nke nitrogen fatịlaịza), ke imewe nke aniline, na mgbake nke na-abụghị ferrous metal ores. Na nri ụlọ ọrụ ọ na-eji na-emepụta nọ n'ọnọdụ abụba anụmanụ (majarin). Na njikọ na n'elu mkpa nke bụ na mmepụta nke hydrogen na ihe ulo oru gburugburu ebe obibi.

Nke a gas na-ewere dị ka ihe ike ụgbọelu na-eme n'ọdịnihu n'ihi na ọ bụ a mmeghari, anaghị emit "griin haus gas" CO₂ n'oge combustion, na-arụpụta a nnukwu ego nke ike kwa unit arọ na combustion usoro na na-adị mfe converted n'ime electric ike nke mmanụ ụgbọala cell.

N'okpuru laabu ọnọdụ hydrogen mgbe nwetara site na mbenata ọla na-ekpe ndị nọ electrochemical voltaji series, site na mmiri na asịd:
Zn + 1HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0
2Na + 2HOH = 2NaOH + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0.

Na ụlọ ọrụ, hydrogen nnata arịakarị site eke nhazi na metụtara, haruru.

1. The methane akakabarede. The usoro mejupụtara na mmeghachi omume nke methane na mmiri vepo na 800 - 900 ° C: CH₄ + H₂O = CO ↑ + 3H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0. Yana a usoro eji ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ọxịdashọn nke hydrocarbons na oxygen na ọnụnọ nke mmiri vepo: 3CH₄ + O₂ + H₂O = 3CO + 7 H₄. Ndị a ụzọ emecha hapụ ha mkpa dị ka hydrocarbon mee na-depleted.

2. Biohydrogen nwere ike enwetara site algae na bioreactor. Ke mbubreyo 1990s ọ hụrụ na ọ bụrụ na sọlfọ ịnapụ algae, ha ga-ịgbanwee si mmepụta nke oxygen, ie. E. Nkịtị photosynthesis, ka hydrogen mmepụta. Biohydrogen nwekwara ike-emepụta bioreactors, eji, ma e wezụga algae, ọchịchị n'efu. The usoro emee site bacteria nke banye hydrocarbon na-emepụta hydrogen na CO2.

3. Deep jụrụ nke Coke oven gas. Na usoro nke coking coal kwadebere atọ fractions: a siri ike - Coke, mmiri mmiri - coal tar - na a gas nwere, e wezụga hydrocarbons, molekụla hydrogen (banyere 60%). Nke a nta na-doro ultra miri jụrụ mgbe a na-emeso na a pụrụ iche ihe, nke na-eme ka o kwe omume ikewapụ hydrogen si adịghị.

4. Production nke hydrogen site na mmiri iji electrolysis - a usoro nke na-enye ihe ido anya hydrogen: 2H₂O → electrolysis → 2H₂ + O.

5. The carbon akakabarede. Ná mmalite, mmiri gas na-enwetara site na-agafe mmiri vepo site red-ekpo ọkụ na 1000 ° C Coke: C + H₂O = CO ↑ + H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0, nke na-ahụ weere na uzuoku na-gabiga kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ 400 - 500 ° C mkpali Fe₂O₃. The na mmekọrịta nke carbon monoxide (II) na uzuoku: CO + H₂O + (H₂) = CO₂ + 2H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0.

6. Production nke hydrogen site akakabarede nke carbon monoxide (CO), dabere na a pụrụ iche mmeghachi omume site purple photosynthetic bacteria (unicellular microorganisms mbụ uhie ma ọ bụ pink na agba, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ọnụnọ nke photosynthetic pigments). Ndị a bacteria na-emepụta hydrogen site nnofega mmeghachi omume: CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂.

The guzobere hydrogen bụ mmiri, mmeghachi omume na-adịghị achọ okpomọkụ na ọkụ. The usoro na-ewe ebe na ụlọ okpomọkụ n'ọchịchịrị.

Industrial mkpa n'oge enweta na evolushọn nke hydrogen si enweta ụdị na-emepụta n'oge mmanụ ala ejegharịrị.

Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị amaghị na ọ bụ omume na-enweta hydrogen n'ụlọ. N'ihi nke a anyị nwere ike iji a mmeghachi omume ngwọta nke alkali na aluminum. Were ọkara-liter iko kalama na a igbochi onu, na Alụlụụ tube, 10 g ọla kọpa sulfate, 20 g nnu, 10 g nke alumina, 200 g nke mmiri balloon.

Kwadebe a ngwọta nke ọla kọpa sulfate: 100 g nke mmiri e kwukwara 10 g ọla kọpa sulfate.

Isi nri nnu ngwọta: 100 g nke mmiri e kwukwara 20 g nke nnu.

Ihe ngwọta bụ mbuaha. Tinye dapụtara ngwakọta nke aluminum. Ozugbo na karama pụtara ọcha slurry itinye na tube na balloon ju ya na ghọrọ usoro hydrogen.

Lezienụ anya! Ahụmahụ a na mkpa na-eji n'èzí. Chọrọ okpomọkụ akara, ebe ọ bụ mmeghachi omume na-ewe ebe na evolushọn nke okpomọkụ na ike nchịkwa.

Ọ ga na-ahụ na-echeta hydrogen, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-agwakọta ya na ikuku, Nleta mgbawa ngwakọta, nke a na-akpọ detonating gas (abụọ n'akụkụ hydrogen na otu akụkụ oxygen). Ọ bụrụ na nke a ngwakọta na edita, ọ ga-ewe ezigbo.