Nuclear chernobyl: na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ, na unit circuit

Design na ime ihe nke a nuclear chernobyl dabeere na initialization na ịchịkwa onwe onye na-akwagide nuclear mmeghachi omume. Ọ na-eji dị ka a nnyocha ngwá ọrụ n'ihi na mmepụta nke redioaktivu isotopes na dị ka onye ike isi iyi nke nuclear ike osisi.

Nuclear chernobyl: ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe (obere)

Jiri n'ime ebe a fission usoro nke a arọ ntọala gbawara abụọ nta iberibe. Ndị a iberibe nọ na a nnọọ obi ụtọ kwuo na emit neutrons, na ndị ọzọ subatomic ahụ na photons. Neutrons nwere ike ime ka ọhụrụ nkewa dị ka a N'ihi nke a ha na-enwupụta ọbụna, na na. Nke a na-aga n'ihu onwe-akwagide nọmba nke disintegrations akpọ ihe mkpalite. N'otu oge, a nnukwu ego nke ume, na-na mmepụta nke bụ ebumnuche nke eji nuklia ike.

Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe nke a nuclear chernobyl na a nuclear ike osisi dị otú ahụ na 85% nke chịrị gbawara ume tọhapụrụ n'ime a dị nnọọ obere oge mgbe mmalite nke mmeghachi omume. The fọdụrụ akụkụ-emepụta site redioaktivu ire ere nke fission ngwaahịa, mgbe ha jụrụ neutrons. Redioaktivu ire ere bụ usoro nke na-atọm esịmde a otu ebe ala. Ọ nọgidere na mgbe nkewa.

The atọm bọmbụ ihe mkpalite enwekwu na osisi ike, ruo mgbe ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na ihe onwunwe ga-kewaa. Nke a na-eme ngwa ngwa, na-amị ezigbo ike ntiwapụ e ji mara ndị dị otú bombs. Usoro na ime ihe nke a nuclear chernobyl dabeere na ụkpụrụ nke ịnọgide na-enwe na ihe mkpalite na a usoro fọrọ nke nta ka mgbe nile dị larịị. Ọ e mere ka ewe ezigbo ka atọm bọmbụ ike.

Chain Mmeghachi omume na ndị na-akatọ

Physics fission chernobyl kpebisiri ike na a ihe mkpalite puru mgbe nuclear fission neutron emission. Ọ bụrụ na-adịbeghị anya bi mbelata, ọnụego nke nkewa na ọgwụgwụ ga-ada efu. Na nke a chernobyl ga-a subcritical ala. Ọ bụrụ na ndị neutron bi nọgidere na-enwe a mgbe nile dị larịị, na fission ọnụego ga-anọgide na mụ. Chernobyl ga-a oké egwu ọnọdụ. Ndien ke akpatre, ma ọ bụrụ na oge na-aga na neutron bi etolite, nkerisi ọsọ na ike ga-amụba. isi ala na-aghọ supercritical.

Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe nke a nuclear chernobyl esote. Tupu ịmalite na neutron bi bụ nso efu. Mgbe ahụ, rụọ wepụ akara mkpara si isi, na-amụba nkewa cores na nwa oge atọghata chernobyl na a supercritical ala. Mgbe na-eru gosiri ike rụọ obere laghachi akara mkpara, ukpụhọde ego nke neutrons. Ekemende chernobyl na-nọgidere na-enwe a oké egwu ọnọdụ. Mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji kwụsị, ndị ọrụ inserts mkpara kpamkpam. Nke a suppresses nkewa na-ewepụta isi na subcritical ala.

ụdị ngwa agha

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-achị ume ha na okpomọkụ dị mkpa iji ụgbọala turbines, nke ụgbọala generators nke eletrik nke nuclear nrụnye na ụwa. Ọzọkwa, e nwere ọtụtụ nnyocha ngwa agha, na mba ụfọdụ nwere submarines ma ọ bụ n'elu ụgbọ mmiri, chụpụrụ site ike nke atọm.

ike osisi

E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke ụdị chernobyl, ma n'ọtụtụ ebe adiaha imewe nke ìhè mmiri. N'aka nke ya, ọ ga-eji na pressurized mmiri ma ọ bụ esi mmiri. Ke akpa idaha na elu nsogbu mmiri mmiri na-ewe iwe, okpomọkụ nke isi na-abatakwa uzuoku generator. E, okpomọkụ si na isi na abụọ circuit na-agafe, ihe ọzọ gụnyere mmiri. The eme uzuoku n'ikpeazụ eje ozi dị ka na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ na uzuoku tobaim okirikiri.

Chernobyl bụ a esi ụdị na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke kpọmkwem ike okirikiri. Mmiri agafe isi, me ka a obụpde n'elu-ajụ mgbali larịị. Jupụta uzuoku-agabiga a usoro nke separators na dryers na-ewekarị na chernobyl arịa, dapụtara na ya sverhperegretoe ala. Enwu uzuoku na-ahụ ji dị ka na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ, na n'usoro tobaim.

Elu-okpomọkụ gas-mma

Elu-okpomọkụ gas-mma chernobyl (HTGR) - a nuclear chernobyl, ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe na-dabere na ojiji nke graphite ka a mmanụ ụgbọala ngwakọta nke mmanụ a na microspheres. E nwere ihe abụọ mpi aghụghọ:

• German "Loose-rijuru afọ" usoro, nke na-eji a * Tụkwasị na mmanụ ụgbọala ọcha 60 mm n'obosara, esịnede a ngwakọta nke mmanụ a na graphite na a graphite shei;
• na American version of a graphite hexagonal prisms na interlock ike isi.

N'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ, na obi jụrụ ọmụmụ mejupụtara helium n'okpuru a mgbali nke banyere 100 atmospheres. The German usoro helium agabiga gaps na oyi akwa nke * Tụkwasị mmanụ ụgbọala ọcha, na na US - site oghere na graphite prisms ndokwa tinyere Central axis nke chernobyl isi. Ma nhọrọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ezigbo ọkụ, ebe ọ bụ na graphite nwere oké elu sublimation okpomọkụ, na na ya inert helium kpamkpam. Hot helium nwere ike ji mee kpọmkwem dị ka a na-arụ ọrụ ọmụmụ na a gas tobaim na a elu okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ nwere ike tinye n'ọrụ n'ihi na ha na uzuoku okirikiri mmiri.

Liquid-metal nuclear chernobyl: circuit na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ

Fast reactors na sodium coolant natara uche na 1960-1970 si. Mgbe ahụ, o yiri ka ha nwere ike mụta nwa mmanụ nuklia na n'ọdịnihu dị nso na-chọrọ na-emepụta mmanụ ụgbọala maka a ngwa ngwa evolving nuclear ụlọ ọrụ. Mgbe o doro anya na nke a na-atụ anya ịtụwa, ịnụ ọkụ n'obi jụrụ oyi na 1980s. Otú ọ dị, na United States, Russia, France, Britain, Japan na Germany wuru a usoro nke ngwa agha nke ụdị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-arụ ọrụ na uranium dioxide ma ọ bụ a ngwakọta nke plutonium dioxide. Na United States, Otú ọ dị, onye kasị ukwuu ọma rụzuru na metal mmanụ ụgbọala.

CANDU

Canada ka lekwasịrị anya ya mgbalị na ngwa agha, nke na-eji eke uranium. Nke a eliminates mkpa maka ya inwetara na-eji ọrụ nke obodo ndị ọzọ. The N'ihi nke a iwu bụ deuterium-uranium chernobyl (CANDU). Ejikwa na obi jụrụ ya emepụta arọ mmiri. Design na ime ihe nke a nuclear chernobyl bụ iji a tank na oyi na-atụ D ₂ O na ikuku nsogbu. Active ebe jupụtara akpa nke zirconium alloy mmanụ ụgbọala nke eke uranium, site na nke na-agbasa ebe obi jụrụ ya arọ na mmiri. Eletrik na-emepụta site nkerisi okpomọkụ nyefe dị arọ mmiri coolant, nke a na-ekesa site na uzuoku generator. The uzuoku na abụọ loop mgbe agabiga a ot tobaim okirikiri.

nnyocha ụlọ ọrụ

Maka nnyocha nuclear chernobyl esiwak ji, ụkpụrụ nke nke bụ na ojiji nke mmiri jụrụ efere na uranium mmanụ ụgbọala ọcha n'ụdị mgbakọ. Ike nke na-arụ ọrụ na a dịgasị iche iche nke ike etoju si a narị ole na ole kilowatts ka megawatts. Ebe ọ bụ na ike ọgbọ bụghị e kwo research ngwa agha, ha na-ji kwes ike eme, na njupụta nke isi elu ọnụ ike neutrons. Ọ bụ ndị a kwa ga-enyere iji gụpụta ikike nke a nnyocha chernobyl na-ebu kpọmkwem ọmụmụ. Low-ike usoro agbasaghị-arụ ọrụ na mahadum na-eji na-ọzụzụ, na nnukwu ike dị mkpa na-eme nnyocha laboratories maka anwale ihe na àgwà, nakwa dị ka n'ozuzu nnyocha.

The kasị research nuclear chernobyl, ihe owuwu ma na ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe bụ dị ka ndị. Ya-arụsi ọrụ ebe dị na ala nke nnukwu miri ọdọ mmiri nke. Nke a mmemmem chọpụtara na ọwa oke site nke neutron ibé nwere ike eduzi. Na ala ike etoju ọ dịghị mkpa ka imipu na coolant, dị ka ịnọgide na-enwe a mma-arụ ọrụ ala nke eke convection nke coolant ana achi achi zuru ezu okpomọkụ dissipation. The okpomọkụ Exchanger na-emekarị odude n'elu ma ọ bụ na elu nke ọdọ mmiri ebe na-ekpo ọkụ mmiri na-akwakọba.

ship echichi

Original na isi ojiji nke nuclear ngwa agha bụ ha were na submarines. Ha isi uru bụ na, na iche mmanu ndi mere onwe mmanụ ụgbọala combustion usoro nke na-amụba ọkụ eletrik ha anaghị achọ ikuku. N'ihi ya, nuclear okpuru mmiri nwere ike ịnọgide na-submerged ruo ogologo oge, na ot dizel-electric ụgbọ okpuru mmiri ga oge ebili ka elu, na-agba ọsọ ha ikuku Motors. Nuclear ike na-enye a usoro uru Navy ụgbọ mmiri. N'ihi ya, ọ dịghị mkpa ka gbanye mmanu ala ọzọ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ site na mfe ngwangwa ụgbọ mmiri tanker.

Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe nke a nuclear chernobyl na a ụgbọ okpuru mmiri nkewa. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-amara na na USA ọ na-eji ukwuu enriched uranium, na deceleration na obi jụrụ bụ ìhè mmiri. Ihe a haziri nke mbụ chernobyl nuclear okpuru mmiri USS Nautilus a ike-enwe mmetụta dị ike research nrụnye. Ya pụrụ iche mma bụ nnọọ elu reactivity oke, na-enye oge dị ogologo nke ọrụ na-enweghị refueling na ikike Malitegharịa ekwentị mgbe nkwụsị. Power ojii na submarines ga-nnọọ jụụ, izere nchọpụta. Izute mkpa ụfọdụ nke dị iche iche ọmụmụ nke submarines dị iche iche ụdị nke ike osisi e guzobere.

US Navy na ugbo elu na-ebu na-eji nuclear chernobyl, ụkpụrụ nke bụ nke e kwenyere na-biiri si kasị submarines. Nkọwa nke ha na-ewu na-adịghị e bipụtara.

E wezụga United States, nuclear submarines nọ UK, France, Russia, China na India. Na nke ọ bụla, imewe e mara, ma ọ na-kweere na ha niile na-yiri nnọọ - nke a bụ a na-esi n'otu chọrọ maka ha oru e ji mara. Russia na-nwere a obere nsoro nke nuclear icebreakers, nke guzobere otu chernobyl dị ka Soviet submarines.

ulo oru nrụnye

Maka nzube nke mmepụta ngwá agha ọkwa plutonium-239 na-eji a nuclear chernobyl, ụkpụrụ nke nke bụ na elu na arụpụtaghị na ala ozo ume. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ogologo oge ọnụnọ nke plutonium na isi na-eduga ná ìgwè nke na-achọghị ²⁴⁰ Pu.

mmepụta nke tritium

Ugbu a, ndị isi ihe inweta dị otú ahụ na usoro bụ tritium ⁽³ H ma ọ bụ T) - ụgwọ hydrogen bombs. Plutonium-239 nwere ogologo ọkara ndụ nke 24.100 afọ, n'ihi ya a na obodo na ngwá agha nuklia na-eji nke a mmewere, dị ka a na-achị, nwere ya karịa mkpa. N'ụzọ dị iche na ²³⁹ Pu, bụ ọkara ndụ-nke tritium bụ banyere 12 afọ. N'ihi ya, ịnọgide na-enwe dị mkpa yiri nkata, nke a redioaktivu isotope nke hydrogen ga rụrụ nọgidere. Ke United States, ndị Savannah River (South Carolina), n'ihi na ihe atụ, nwere ọtụtụ arọ mmiri ngwa agha, nke na-emepụta tritium.

ese n'elu mmiri ike

Kere nuclear ngwa agha, ike nke na-enye ọkụ eletrik na uzuoku kpo oku ehichapụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. Na Russia, n'ihi na ihe atụ, anyị hụrụ na ojiji nke obere ike usoro, akpan iji ihe ike ka Arctic niile. Na China, 10-megawatt osisi HTR-10 onunu ikpo na electric ike Research Institute, nke ọ na-emi odude. Development nke obere ngwa agha na-akpaghị aka na-achịkwa na yiri ike na-rụrụ na Sweden na Canada. Na oge site na 1960 ruo 1972, na US Army eji kọmpat mmiri ngwa agha na-enye ime bases na Greenland na Antarctica. Ha na-anọchi mmanụ ụgbọala-na mmanụ ike osisi.

ohere ngagharị

Ke adianade do, ngwa agha e mere maka ikike na ije na ohere. Na oge site na 1967 ka 1988, Soviet Union guzosie ike a obere nuclear nrụnye na "kosmos" Satellites-ezitekwara na ngwá na telemetry, ma a iwu aghọwo a iche maka nnyocha. Ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ndị a Satellites banyere Ụwa ikuku, na-eme redioaktivu ofufe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Canada. The United States ulo oru naanị otu satellite na a nuclear chernobyl na 1965. Otú ọ dị, oru na ha were na miri emi ohere ọzọ, manned research mbara ala ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ na a na-adịgide adịgide-amị n'ọnwa isi nọgidere na-ewepụta. Nke a bụ n'aka na-a gas-mma ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri-metal nuclear chernobyl, anụ ahụ ụkpụrụ nke inye ndị kasị elu na o kwere omume okpomọkụ dị mkpa iwelata size of igwe okpomọkụ. Ọzọkwa, chernobyl ohere maka akụrụngwa na-dị ka kọmpat dị ka o kwere na-ebelata ego nke ihe onwunwe na-eji maka echebe, na iji belata ibu n'oge igba egbe na ohere ụgbọ elu. Mmanụ ụgbọala ikike ga-hụ ọrụ nke chernobyl maka oge nke ohere ụgbọ elu.