Paleontology - Science bụ ihe? Gịnị na-amụ paleontology?

Palaeontology - na sayensị nke na-amụrụ atụmatụ nke ihe owuwu ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ntule na adị na geological gara aga, nke e chekwara fossils, ọzọ ndụ na oryctocoenoses.

oge a paleontology

Ọ nwekwara ike kọwara dị ka sayensị na-emekọ na-amụ ihe niile dị research ngosipụta nke ndụ n'oge ndị gara aga na gburugburu ebe obibi oge ndụ obula (organism, bi, biogeocoenosis).

Object nke nnyocha na-egosi na palaeontology - bụ a ndu sayensị, bụ nke dị ná mma geology, nke mere ọtụtụ ojiji nke na-arụpụta nke nnyocha na n'otu oge ahụ na-eje ozi dị ka ihe dị oké isi iyi nke ihe ọmụma banyere ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ nke a mmekọrịta na-ekpebi ike n'ezi ihe nke paleontology, nke tracks tinyere ndị ọzọ na ihe na mmalite nke ndụ agwa na-anya geological gara aga.

The nzube na ebumnobi

Dị ka e kwuru, sayensị na-amụ paleontology nwuchapu ntule na biri geological gara aga. Nke ahụ bụ nzube nke ọmụmụ na-agụnye nkọwa nke akụkụ nile nke na ha adị. Nke a, akpan akpan, Ọdịdị (morphology) na taxonomy; nkesa na ohere na oge; ụzọ iwu evolushọn; ebi ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.

All ihe aga-eme na-jikọrọ ya na onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Ya mere, na-enweghị isi na-amụ morphological atụmatụ abụghị njedebe n'onwe ya ma na-njikọ chiri anya systematization nke ntule. Nditịm na nkà mmụta sayensị usoro ike-wuru na-enweghị ihe ọmụmụ banyere evolutionary akụkụ na ụzọ akụkọ ihe mere eme mmepe nke anụmanụ na osisi dị iche iche ike deere enweghị ihe ọ bụla ozi na Oghere Usoro ọnọdụ nke ha foduru ke n'ígwé na na mmetụta nke gburugburu ebe obibi ihe na ntule. Ọtọ analysis na-enye nghọta n'ime ụzọ ndụ n'ihi na morphology nke e kere eke. N'ihi ya, ndị ikpeazụ na nke kasị mkpa ọrụ nke palaeontology - bụ ihe ọmụma nke mmalite nke organic ụwa na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ozizi evolushọn nke Earth.

nhazi ọkwa

Palaeontology - ọkà mmụta sayensị nke nwuchapu ntule nke dị iche iche si malite. Nke a criterion na kpụrụ ihe ndabere maka nhazi ọkwa, na kwukwara na ọ bụ ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ ngalaba:

• Paleozoology e amụ fossils nke anụmanụ ntule. Ọ, n'aka nke ya, na-kewara abụọ ngalaba: mbụ enyocha oge ochie invertebrates, na nke abụọ - nke oge ochie vertebrate.
• Paleobotanist ewepụtara ọmụmụ nke mmanu ndi mere onwe osisi. Na ya Ọdịdị nwere ọtụtụ ndị enyemaka Sciences. Nke a paleoalgologiya (ọmụmụ nke mmanu ndi mere onwe algae), na paleopalynology (ọmụmụ nke fossils oge ochie pollen na spores nke osisi), na na. D.
• Paleomycology. The ihe nke ya na-amụ bụ fossils nke dịkwa ka usoro ha.
• Micropalaeontology. Nke a bụ koodu aha-eji mgbe ọ na-abịa na-amụ foduru nke oge ochie ntule (benthic mmadụ nje, ostracods, iche iche zooplankton na phytoplankton, bacteria).
• Paleoecology ọmụmụ njikọ nke ntule na adị na anya gara aga, na onye ọ bụla ọzọ na na gburugburu ebe obibi ha na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị bi na ecosystems.
• Paleobiogeography atụle iwu ebe nke oge ochie ntule na nso njikọ na evolushọn nke climates, tectonics, na ndị ọzọ.
• Biostratinomy na taphonomy na-amụ mgbasa nakawa etu esi na oge ochie ili ozu na-anọgide.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke paleontology: isi mmalite

Correct nkọwa nke ihe ọmụma banyere ọdịdị nke mmanu ndi mere onwe ndekọ bụ a ụtụ ahụ Chinese na European n'okike Renaissance. Na na Asaa na narị afọ, abụọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị (N. Steno, R. Hooke) fọrọ nke nta ka n'out oge, onwe ha nke ọ bụla ọzọ nke mbụ na-amalite na-ekwu okwu nke nwuchapu umu. A MV Lomonosov narị afọ gasịrị amalite echiche ndị ha ụzọ, na-ekwu na na ọdịdị na usoro nke ya guzobere e nwere mgbe niile evolutionary mgbanwe.

Ndị a echiche tinye n'ihu na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si mba ọzọ: ndi French Buffon na J. Soulavie, Briton John Hutton ..

Fundamentals nke paleontology malitere na-etolite, mgbe na mmalite nke XIX narị afọ W. Smith ike ziri ezi na usoro iji chọpụta afọ geological formations nke ihe nlereanya nke invertebrate fossils na e dabere na ha echiche, akpa geological map n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Paleontology dị ka a na nkà mmụta sayensị ọzụzụ. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke guzobere

The isi nke na ọ dị ka a na nkà mmụta sayensị ịdọ aka ná ntị bụ a ụtụ Georges Cuvier, onye, mgbe a miri emi comparative anatomical analysis of ọkpụkpụ anọgide oge ochie mammals, n'ezie kere Vertebrate Paleontology.

Mgbe a ole na ole ọtụtụ iri afọ, ndị French ọkà Adolphe Brongniart bipụtara ya "History of mmanu ndi mere onwe osisi." N'ihi ya, ọ tọrọ ntọala paleobotanists.

Palaeontology - na sayensị, na-akpọbu petromatognoziya. E kwuru banyere nke a aha ụbọchị na mmalite nke XIX narị afọ. N'ikpeazụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara ya aha na 1840s, mgbe France D. Orbigny malitere iji okwu bụ "paleontology" n'akwụkwọ ha.

Communication na nkà mmụta ndị ọzọ

Paleontology - a na nkà mmụta sayensị ịdọ aka ná ntị nke na-nwere njikọ chiri anya ọzọ ndu sayensị. Mmekọrịta a bụ tumadi ruru ka ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ojiji nke ụzọ nke metụtara sayensị: bi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, otito bayoloji, Cytology, n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ, biometrics na ndị ọzọ.

Iduziri oge a mmanu ndi mere onwe ọmụmụ-esokarị site na iji ọhụrụ usoro dabere na ojiji nke dị iche iche iche nke radieshon, chemical analysis, na ịgụ isiokwu elektrọn Microscopy na t. D. Bụrụ chiri anya na nkwanyerịta si dị otú ahụ ọzụzụ dị ka Comparative Anatomy, morphology na taxonomy nke ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi. The mkpa maka ọtọ analysis na ịmụ morphogenesis nke skeletal owuwu nke fossils na-eme ka interpenetration nke paleontology, physiology, embryology, biomechanics.

N'oge ugbu ogbo e ịgbasa njikọ paleontology gburugburu ebe obibi na sayensị (biogeocenology, biogeography) n'ihi ìgwè buru ibu nke ihe onwunwe, ikwe na-ebu a comparative analysis of mere n'oge ochie ntule via actualism ụzọ.