Mmepe nke astronautics. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke cosmonautics na Russia

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke uwa development - bụ akụkọ nke na-enweghị atụ uche na ndị mmadụ, ọchịchọ ịghọta iwu nke eluigwe na ala na nke ọchịchọ na transcend na mbụ ma na-ekwe omume. Space ngagharị, nke malitere na narị afọ gara aga, nyere ụwa a otutu nchoputa. Ha metụtara ma na saịtị nke anya ụyọkọ kpakpando, na nnọọ terrestrial Filiks. Space development akwalite mma nke technology emewo ka nchoputa ke dịgasị iche iche nke ihe ọmụma, site na physics na nkà ọgwụ. Otú ọ dị, nke a were ogologo oge.

furu efu ọrụ

Mmepe nke astronautics na Russia na mba ọzọ, malitere ogologo oge tupu ndị mbụ ugboelu. The mbụ nnyocha sayensị na nke a bụ nanị usoro iwu, na ziri ezi na-ekwe omume nke na ohere njem. Na mba anyị, otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke astronautics ke n'ọnụ nke pen bụ Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. "Onye" na - n'ihi na ọ bụ n'ihu Nikolay Ivanovich Kibalchich, ikpe ọnwụ maka ogbugbu nke Alexander II, na n'ihi na a ole na ole tupu na ákwà ngwa ịzụlite a oru ngo na nwere ike ime ka a nwoke n'ime ohere. Ọ bụ na 1881, ma Kibalchicha oru ngo-a bipụtara ruo 1918.

ime andikpep

Tsiolkovsky, onye isiokwu na usoro iwu bases ohere ụgbọ elu bịara na 1903, amaghị banyere Kibalchicha. N'oge ahụ, ọ kụziri ihe Kaluga College som na jiometrị. Ya a ma ama na nkà mmụta sayensị isiokwu bụ "Nchọpụta nke mbara rọketi ngwa" otụk na-ekwe omume nke na-eji a agha na mbara igwe. Mmepe nke astronautics na Russia, mgbe ahụ ka ndị eze, malitere na Tsiolkovsky. Ọ mepụtara rọketi Ọdịdị imewe, ike na-ebu nwoke kpakpando, gbachiteere echiche nke di iche iche nke ndụ n'eluigwe na ala, o kwuru okwu banyere mkpa nke iwu wuru Satellites na ohere ụgbọ.

Ke ukem, na usoro iwu astronautics mepụtara ná mba ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, na njikọ n'etiti na-eme nnyocha ma ọ bụ ná mmalite nke narị afọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, na 30s, fọrọ nke nta na-abụghị. Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth, na Esnault-Pelterie, ihe American, a German na a France karị, na-arụ ọrụ yiri okwu maka a ogologo oge amaghị ihe ọ bụla banyere ọrụ Tsiolkovsky. Ọbụna ahụ, adịghị n'otu nke ndị dị iche iche na-emetụta ijeụkwụ nke mmepe nke ọhụrụ ọrụ.

Nga agha afọ na Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya

Development of Space wee na-20-40-ies nke agha nke Gas Dynamics Laboratory na Jet Propulsion Research Group, sochiri Jet Research Institute. N'ime mgbidi nke agụmakwụkwọ oru na-arụ ọrụ kacha mma engineering uche na mba, gụnyere F. A. Tsander, M. K. Tihonravov na SP Korolev. Na laboratories na-arụ ọrụ ịzụlite akpa ugboelu igwe maka mmiri mmiri na ihe siri ike fuels, mepụtara usoro iwu ndabere nke astronautics.

Na tupu-agha afọ nakwa n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ imewe na-ewu ugboelu engines na rọketi ụgbọ elu. N'oge a, maka doro anya na ihe mere, ukwuu anya ugwo mmepe nke ụgbọ ụta na unguided Tammy.

Queens na "V2 n'ụlọ ọrụ"

The mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha agba oge a ụdị kere Germany n'oge agha n'okpuru iwu nke Werner von Braun. Mgbe ahụ V-2, ma ọ bụ "V-2" mere ka a otutu nsogbu. Mgbe e meriri Germany, von Braun gaa America, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ya ọhụrụ oru ngo, tinyere na mmepe nke Tammy maka ohere ụgbọ elu.

Na 1945, mgbe agha na Germany na-amụ "V-2" eruwo ìgwè nke Soviet injinia. Otu n'ime ha bụ Queens. Ọ họpụtara isi engineer na teknuzu director nke ulo akwukwo "Nordhausen", guzobere Germany n'otu afọ. E wezụga na-amụ German rọketi, Korolev na ibe ya na-emekwa ụfọdụ na mmepe nke ọhụrụ oru ngo. Na 50, atụmatụ ọrụ n'okpuru idu ndú ya kere R-7. Abụọ a na-ogbo rọketi ike ịzụlite akpa ohere ọsọ na iji hụ mmepụta ala-Earth orbit multi-ton ugbo ala.

Nkebi nke mmepe nke astronautics

The uru nke America na nkwadebe ugbo ala nke uwa ngagharị jikọtara ya na-arụ ọrụ nke von Braun, ekpe na n'oge gara aga, mgbe October 4, 1957 na Soviet Union ulo oru mbụ satellite. Site na oge ọ gara ngwa ngwa mmepe nke astronautics. Na 50-60-ies mụụrụ ọtụtụ nwere na ụmụ anụmanụ. Na ohere, nkịta na enwe gara. N'ihi ya, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achịkọta uru ọmụma na-eme ka o kwere omume a nke ọma na ọnụnọ a na-ohere. Ná mmalite nke 1959 na ọ jisiri iru ụzọ mgbapụ ike ọsọ.

The elu mmepe nke Russian cosmonautics e nabatara n'ụwa nile, mgbe elu-igwe e nsí Yuri Gagarin. Ọ we were ya, na-enweghị ikwubiga okwu ókè, a oké ihe omume na April 12 1961 afọ. Site ụbọchị malitere mmadụ penetration ke akwa expanses na oyụhọ Earth.

N'ihu mmepe nke astronautics e jikọtara ya na mma na teknuzu ike na ike a ihe ọma na gburugburu ebe obibi maka astronauts. Rịba ama na isi nkebi nke usoro:

• October 12, 1964 - n'ime orbit me ka igwe na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na osisi (USSR);
• March 18, 1965 - akpa onye spacewalk (USSR);
• February 3, 1966 - akpa ọdịda na ọnwa ngwa (USSR);
• December 24, 1968 - akpa ọgwụgwụ manned ugboelu-agba ya gburugburu Earth satellite (USA);
• July 20, 1969 - ụbọchị nke mbụ ọdịda nke ụmụ mmadụ na Ọnwa (USA);
• April 19, 1971 - mbụ oru orbiter (USSR);
• July 17, 1975 - na oge mbụ e kwụsịrị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ mmiri (Soviet na American);
• April 12, 1981 - akpa "Space Shuttle" (US) wee banye ohere.

Mmepe nke oge a astronautics

Taa, ohere ngagharị na-aga n'ihu. The ịga nke ọma nke gara aga na amuworom mkpụrụ - ndị mmadụ gara Ọnwa na-akwadebe iduzi maara Mars. Otú ọ dị, manned ụgbọ elu omume na-now na-emepe emepe nta oru karịa akpaka interplanetary ojii. The ugbu a ala nke uwa ngagharị bụ na-emepụta ígwè ọrụ ike nke na mgbasaozi ozi Earth banyere anya Saturn, Jupiter na Pluto, Mercury na ọbụna ịga ichoputa meteorites.
Parallel ohere njem na-amalite. Oké mkpa taa nwere mba kọntaktị. Obodo nke uwa na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abịa kwuo na oké breakthroughs na nchoputa ime ngwa ngwa na ndị ọzọ na ọ bụrụ na ikpokọta mgbalị na ike nke mba dị iche iche.