Pụtara nke ụjọ usoro. Ọrụ nke ụjọ usoro

Onye ọ bụla ngwa ma ọ bụ usoro na ahụ na-egwu a ọrụ. N'otu oge ha niile na-oyiri. Pụtara ụjọ usoro overemphasized. Ọ bụ maka na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti niile ozu na usoro, na maka ịrụ ọrụ nke organism dị ka a dum. Ná mmalite akwụkwọ amalite maara dị otú ahụ a multi-faceted echiche, dị ka ụjọ usoro. Mezuwo 4 - ka obere ụmụaka na-enweghị ike nke ukwuu na-aghọta ọtụtụ mgbagwoju na nkà mmụta sayensị echiche.

bughi nkeji

Isi bughi na ọtọ unit nke ụjọ usoro (NS) - akwara ozi. Ha na-mgbagwoju excitable mkpụrụ ndụ secreting Filiks ma na-aghọta jitters, ọ na-esichara na-ebute site ná mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. Akwara ozi nwere ike na-enwe iji nwaa mkpụrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ modulating inhibitory mmetụta. Ha bụ akụkụ nke bio na hemoregulyatsii ahu. Site a ọtọ echiche, akwara ozi bụ onye nke ntọala nke nzukọ nke ụjọ usoro. Ha ikpokọta ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-etoju (molekụla, sub-cellular, synaptic, nadkletochny).

Akwara ozi iso nke a ahu (soma), ogologo ogwe aka (axon) na obere branching Filiks (dendrites). N'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụjọ usoro, ha nwere a dị iche iche na udi ma na size. Na ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike iru axon ogologo 1.5 m. Departs si otu neuron na 1000 dendrites. Dị ka ya obi ụtọ gbatịrị si anabata na cell ahu. Tinyere axon gboo na-ebute site ná effector mkpụrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ akwara ozi.

Na sayensị, e nwere echiche nke "synapse". The axons akwara ozi, na-aga ka mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ na-amalite branching na-etolite ọtụtụ mmechi ha. Ebe ndị a na-akpọ synapses. Axons etolite ha ọ bụghị nanị na akwara mkpụrụ ndụ. Synapses bụ na muscle emep uta eri. Ndị a na akụkụ nke ụjọ usoro bụ ugbu ọbụna mkpụrụ ndụ nke endocrine glands na ọbara capillaries. Akwara ozi na-kpuchie na shells glial Filiks akwara ozi. Ha na-arụ a na-eduzi ọrụ.

akwara endings

Nke a pụrụ iche na-akụziri, emi odude ke n'ọnụ nke usoro nke akwara ozi. Ha na-enye nnyefe nke ozi n'ụdị a usu. The akwara endings na-abuana ke guzobe nke mgbasa ọgwụgwụ na ịmara na ngwaọrụ dị iche iche bughi nzukọ. Site arụmọrụ a dịpụrụ adịpụ:

• synapses na-ebunye akwara esi gboo n'etiti akwara mkpụrụ ndụ;

• anabata (afferent mmechi), na-eduzi ozi si idaha akpata esịtidem ma ọ bụ mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi;

• effectors ebunye usu si akwara mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ arọ.

The ụjọ usoro

The ụjọ usoro (NS) - ihe integrated set nke ọtụtụ oyiri owuwu. Ọ na-akwalite na achikota ụkpụrụ nke niile akụkụ ma na-enye a nzaghachi agbanwe ọnọdụ. The ụmụ mmadụ ụjọ usoro, nke na-anọchi anya a foto na otu isiokwu agbatị ọnụ moto ọrụ, uche na arụmọrụ nke ọzọ usoro iwu usoro (dịghịzi, endocrine). NA ọrụ jikọtara:

• akpụpụta penetration n'ime niile akụkụ na anụ ahụ;

• oruru na njikarịcha nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi (gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekọta mmadụ);

• nchikota nke ihe niile metabolic Filiks;

• ọchịchị usoro.

Ọdịdị

Anatomy nke ụjọ usoro bụ nnọọ mgbagwoju. Ọ bụ a otutu akụkụ, dị iche iche na Ọdịdị na nzube. The ụjọ usoro, a foto nke na-agba akaebe ya penetration n'ime niile akụkụ na anụ ahụ nke ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa ka a erite esịtidem na mpụga stimuli. N'ihi nke a ndị pụrụ iche sensory owuwu ndị na-na na-akpọ analyzers. A na-agụnye pụrụ iche nural ngwaọrụ na-enwe ike ịghọta na-abata ozi. Ndị a gụnyere ndị na-esonụ:

• proprioceptors obon ozi metụtara ala nke mọzụlụ, fascia, njikọ, ọkpukpu;

• exteroreceptors, emi odude ke anụ ahụ, mucous membranes na uche ziri ezi ike aghọta enwetara site na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi irritants;

• interoreceptors emi odude ke esịtidem akụkụ na anụ ahụ na-ahụ maka eme Biochemical mgbanwe.

Isi uru nke ụjọ usoro

NA dị ka ọrụ na-jikọrọ ha na ụwa na na ịrụ ọrụ nke organism. Na ya na e uzọ nke ọmụma na analysis. Ekele a nchọpụta emee stimuli na esịtidem akụkụ abịa site ná mpụga n'ókè. The ụjọ usoro bụ maka ahụ nzaghachi ọmụma natara. Ọ bụ ruru ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ ime mgbanwe na-enye humoral iwu usoro ụwa.

The uru nke ụjọ usoro bụ inye nchikota nke akụkụ ahụ na ịnọgide na-enwe ya homeostasis (ịha ala). Ruru ya na ime emee organism mmegharị ọ bụla mgbanwe a na-akpọ na-agbanwe omume (steeti).

The nkiti ọrụ nke National Assembly

ụjọ usoro bụ nnọọ ọtụtụ. Ndị bụ isi na-na-esonụ:

• ụkpụrụ nke dị mkpa anụ ahụ, na akụkụ na usoro na nkịtị mode;

• Integration (mwekota) nke ahu;

• ichebe nke mmekọrịta ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi;

• akara nke ala nke onye akụkụ na organism dị ka a dum;

• enye na ịnọgide na-enwe ebighị ụda (na-arụ ọrụ na obodo);

• definition nke na-eme ihe ndị mmadụ na ha echiche ike, nke bụ ihe ndabere nke na-elekọta ndụ.

The ụmụ mmadụ ụjọ usoro, nke foto ọkọnọ n'elu-enye echiche dị otú ahụ Filiks:

• nghọta, na-amụta na nhazi ozi;

• analysis na njikọ;

• guzobere nke mkpali;

• tụnyere ẹdude ahụmahụ;

• mgbaru ọsọ ọnọdụ na atụmatụ;

• mgbazi edinam (njehie mgbazi);

• nwale nke arụmọrụ;

• akpụ ikpe, Nchoputa na nkwubi nkịtị (nkịtị) echiche.

The ụjọ usoro na mgbakwunye na nke mgbaàmà na-eburu ọzọ trophic ọrụ. N'ihi ekenyela organism biologically-arụ ọrụ bekee enye mkpa ọrụ innervated akụkụ. Ndị ọchịchị, ndị na-efunahụ ndị dị otú fanye, emecha atrophy na-anwụ anwụ. ụjọ usoro dị ezigbo mkpa ka mmadụ. Mgbe modifying otu dị na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ na ha na-abịa ahụ imeghari ọnọdụ ọhụrụ.

Filiks aa na NA

The ụmụ mmadụ ụjọ usoro, atụmatụ ahụ bụ nnọọ ihe dị mfe na-egbu, bụ maka na mmekọrịta nke organism na gburugburu ebe obibi. Iji hụ na ọ na-eburu ndị dị otú ahụ Filiks:

• transduction, mgbanwe na-anọchite anya iyatesịt jitters;

• mgbanwe, nke pụtara n'oge akakabarede nke na-abata excitation na ụfọdụ e ji mara na effluent si ọzọ Njirimara;

• nkesa excitation tinyere dị iche iche ntụziaka;

• ịme ngosi uwe, nke bụ ụzọ nke ewu iyatesịt, dochie ya iyi;

• mgbanwe olu, nke na-agbanwe ụjọ usoro, ma ọ bụ ya na-eme.

Pụtara nke mmadụ ụjọ usoro nwekwara mejupụtara ahụ na mmekọrịta ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihi ya e nwere dị iche iche Ibọrọ ụdị ọ bụla nke stimuli. The isi ụdị nke mgbanwe olu:

• mmalite (ebighị), bụ aka ọrụ nke akwara Ọdịdị (steeti a bụ akara ererimbot);

• mgbochi, suppression (mgbochi) esịnede na mbenata ọrụ nke ụjọ owuwu;

• nwa oge ụjọ njikọ, nke bụ a mmepe nke ọhụrụ nnyefe okporo ụzọ nile nke excitation;

• plastic mgbanwe, nke na-anọchi anya uche (mma nke nyefe nke excitation) na Habituation (arịa ọrịa ọnụego);

• ebighị nke ahụ, na-enye a mpiaji mmeghachi omume nke ahụ mmadụ.

NA ebumnobi

The isi ihe aga-eme nke ụjọ usoro:

• N'ikuku - kpọọ mgbanwe esịtidem ma ọ bụ mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ na-rụrụ site n'aka mmetụta usoro ihe nnabata na-anọchi anya uzọ nke n'ibu, kwes, chemical, akpa na ndị ọzọ ụdị stimuli.

• Transduction - n'ịtụgharị (ngbanwe) na-abata mgbaàmà jitters, nke bụ a iyi nke pulses na e ji mara pụta ụwa iyatesịt.

• mmejuputa iwu, esịnede na nnyefe nke excitation nke akwara ụzọ na mkpa òkè na NA ka effectors (Executive ozu).

• nghọta - e kere eke nke nural mmalite nlereanya (a mmepe nke sensory image). Usoro a na-emepụta a nke onye picture nke ụwa.

• Mgbanwe - mgbanwe nke aka excitation na effector. Nzube ya bụ na-egosipụta ahụ omume mgbanwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihi ya, ọ a downlink nnyefe nke excitation si elu na ala-dina akụkụ nke CNS ma ọ bụ PNS (arụ ọrụ akụkụ, anụ ahụ).

• Evaluation nke pụta ọrụ nke National Assembly na-enyemaka nke nzaghachi na afferent (sensory ọmụma nnyefe).

Ọdịdị nke ahụ National Assembly

The ụmụ mmadụ ụjọ usoro, sekit nke na-egosi n'elu, a na-ekewa structurally na functionally. NA ọrụ ike ga-aghọta n'ụzọ zuru ezu, na-enweghị na-enyocha isi atụmatụ ya umu. Nani site n'ịmụ ha ọrụ, mgbagwoju nke dum usoro nwere ike ọfiọk. The ụjọ usoro ekewa:

• Central (CNS), nke na-eburu si mmeghachi omume dị iche iche na-etoju nke mgbagwoju, na-akpọ na-aghọ nkọ. Enyi kacha enyi na stimuli natara site na gburugburu ebe obibi na si akụkụ. Ọ na-agụnye ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ.

• elu (PNS) na njikọ Central ụjọ usoro na akụkụ na aka na ụkwụ. Ya akwara ozi bụ n'ebe dị anya site na ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ. Ọ na-adịghị na-echebe site ọkpukpu, otú ewekarị n'ibu mebiri. Naanị n'ihi kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ PNS omume nchikota nke mmegharị nke mmadụ. Nke a na usoro bụ maka ahụ omume na-akpata nchekasị na ihe ize ndụ. Ekele ya, na dị otú ahụ, na usu quickens na-akpọlite ndị larịị nke adrenaline. Ọrịa nke elu ụjọ usoro na-emetụta ndị Central ụjọ usoro ọrụ.

PNS emi esịnede bundles nke akwara ozi. Ha na-aga ebe dị anya ụbụrụ na ọgidigi azụ na zigara ahụ dịgasị iche iche. Ha na-akpọ akwara. Iji PNS bụ ganglia (ọnụ). Ha na-ụyọkọ nke akwara mkpụrụ ndụ.

Ọrịa nke elu ụjọ usoro na-ekewa ndị dị otú ahụ ụkpụrụ: Topographical-anatomical, etiological, pathogenesis, Pathomorphology. Ndị a gụnyere:

• radiculitis;

• plexites;

• funikulity;

• mono-, poly- na multinevrity.

Site etiology, ha na-ekewa n'ime nje (microbial, malitere ịrịa), na-egbu egbu, anabata, discirkulatornaya, dysmetabolic,-akpasasị uche, butere n'aka, mgbawa kompressiyno-ischemic, vertebral. PNS ọrịa nwere ike isi (ekpenta, leptospirosis, syphilis) na nke sekọndrị, (mgbe nwata na-efe efe, mononucleosis, na periarteritis nodosa). Dị Pathomorphology pathogenesis na ha na-ekewa n'ime neuropathy (radiculopathy), neuritis (radiculitis), na neuralgia.

Njirimara nke ụjọ usoro

Mpiaji ọrụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu kpebisiri ike site na Njirimara nke akwara emmepe, nke bụ a set nke CNS owuwu. Ha achikota ọrụ ana achi achi ụkpụrụ nke dị iche iche agakwaghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mpiaji omume. Akwara emmepe nwere ọtụtụ nkịtị Njirimara kọwara ihe owuwu ma na ọrụ nke synaptic formations (kọntaktị n'etiti akwara ozi na ndị ọzọ na anụ ahụ):

• sidedness excitation usoro. Ọ a na-ekesa na ndị mpiaji aak na one direction.

• irradiation nke excitation idu ke eziokwu na a bukwanu na-abawanye na ike nke mkpali ubi gbasaruo usoro aka na akwara ozi pụtara.

• nkwubi excitation. Usoro a na-facilitated site ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ synaptic kọntaktị.

• High ike ọgwụgwụ. Ruo ogologo oge ugboro ugboro mmalite etịbe ebelata mpiaji mmeghachi omume.

• Synaptic oge. mpiaji mmeghachi omume oge ọ bụ na ndị na-agba na oge nke excitation Mgbasa gafee synapse. Na ụmụ mmadụ, onye dị otú ahụ na-egbu oge bụ ihe 1 MS.

• ụda, nke na-anọchite anya ọnụnọ nke ndabere ọrụ.

• Plasticity, bụ a feature budata gbanwee n'ozuzu picture nke mpiaji Jeremaya mere.

• Convergence nke akwara n'ókè, nke na-ekpebi n'ahụ usoro ụzọ afferent ọmụma (mgbe nile iyi nke akwara esi gboo).

• Integration nke ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ akwara emmepe.

• Property kasị akwara ulo, ji ubara excitability, ike excitation na nkwubi.

• cephalization ụjọ usoro, bụ ịkwaga, ahụ ịhazi eme na isi akụkụ nke CNS na ịta na ha ụkpụrụ ọrụ.