Afghanistan: akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'oge ochie ruo ugbu a

Afghanistan - a mba na ihe karịrị 200 afọ, bụ otu ebe mmasị kasị mkpa egwuregwu na ụwa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Aha ya na-ọma ike na ndepụta nke ihe ndị kasị dị ize ndụ hotspots nke mbara ala anyị. Otú ọ dị, nanị ole na ole maara na ihe ndị mere Afghanistan, nke a gwara ná mkpirikpi n'isiokwu a. Ke adianade do, ndị mmadụ ya ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ kere a ọgaranya omenala na dị nso Persian, nke ugbu a na-bụ na iju ruru ka na-aga n'ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na aku na uba akwusighi na-eyi ọha egwu na-eme nke buu Islamist òtù.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afghanistan si mbụ ugboro

The mbụ, ndị mmadụ pụtara na ókèala nke mba banyere afọ 5,000 gara aga. Ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha ọbụna kwere na nke a bụ ebe na-enwe ụwa mbụ sedentary ugbo obodo. Ke adianade do, ọ na-chere na Zoroaster pụtara na ugbu n'ókèala Afghanistan n'etiti 1800 na afọ 800 BC, na nchoputa nke okpukpe, nke bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ochie, nọrọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya na akpa ke Balkh.

Ke n'etiti nke 6 na narị afọ BC. e. Achaemenids gụnyere ala a nke Alaeze Ukwu Peshia. Otú ọ dị, mgbe afọ 330 BC. e. ọ e weghaara ndị agha Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Dị ka akụkụ nke ya State of Afghanistan bụ ruo mgbe ida, na mgbe ahụ na ghọrọ akụkụ nke Seleucid Empire, e na-akụ okpukpe Buddha. Mgbe ahụ, n'ógbè bịara n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Gris na Bactrian alaeze. Site na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 2 BC. e. Indo-Grik meriri ndị Sitia, na narị afọ mbụ AD. e. Afghanistan merie ndị Parthian Alaeze Ukwu.

Middle Ages

Na 6 narị afọ, mba n'ókèala ghọrọ akụkụ nke Sassanid Alaeze Ukwu, na mgbe e mesịrị - na Samanids. Afghanistan ahụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a fọrọ nke nta ka amaghị ogologo oge nke udo, ọbọhọ Arab mbuso agha, nke biri na mbubreyo 8th narị afọ.

N'elu ọzọ 9 ọtụtụ narị afọ, mba a na-gafere site n'aka ruo aka, ruo mgbe narị afọ nke 14 na-agunyeghi na Timurid Alaeze Ukwu. N'oge a Herat ghọrọ nke abụọ center nke ala. Mgbe 2 ọtụtụ narị afọ ikpeazụ nke Timurid usoro ndị eze - Babur - na ọ tọrọ ntọala ihe alaeze hiwere na Kabul na malitere ime njem India. Ọ anya kwagara India, Afghanistan na ókèala ghọrọ akụkụ nke Safavid mba.

The ojuju nke ikwu na narị afọ nke 18 mere ka e guzobere feudal khans na-enupụrụ Iran. N'otu oge ahụ kpụrụ Gilzeyskoe ihe gbasara onye isi nke isi obodo ya na obodo Kandahar, meriri na 1737 Persian agha Nadir Shah.

Durrani ala

Eleezie, Afghanistan (mba akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge ochie na i maara) ka enwetara ihe nọọrọ onwe ha ala naanị na 1747 mgbe Ahmad Shah Durrani tọrọ ntọala alaeze nke isi obodo ya na Kandahar. N'okpuru nwa-ya, Timur Shah, isi obodo nke ala kwusara Kabul na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 19, mba ghọrọ onye na-achị Shah Mahmud.

British colonial mgbasa

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afghanistan si mbụ ugboro ná mmalite narị afọ nke 19, na-esetịpụ ọtụtụ ihe omimi, ọtụtụ ndị ya peeji nke na-amụ e-agụghị oké. The otu nwere ike ghara kwuru banyere oge mgbe mbuso agha nke ya n'ókèala nke Anglo-Indian agha. "New nwe" Afghanistan hụrụ n'anya ka na-akpachara anya akwukwo niile ihe. Karịsịa, ndụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ozi ndị si British agha ezinụlọ ha maara nke nkọwa, ọ bụghị nanị agha, nnupụisi nke ndị obodo ahụ na, ma ya ụzọ ndụ na omenala.

Ya mere, akụkọ banyere agha Afghanistan, nke e ekenịmde ke Anglo-Indian agha ahụ malitere na 1838. A ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị 12000th nkụzị nke British agha were iwe ọkụ Kandahar na Kabul na mgbe e mesịrị. Emir ẹse nkukota na a elu iro, ba n'ugwu. Otú ọ dị, ndị nnọchianya ya nwere mgbe niile gara isi obodo, na na 1841 na Kabul malitere obi ụtọ n'etiti obodo bi. British iwu kpebiri agbahapụ ka India, ma na ụzọ agha e gburu site Afghan agha okpuru. The aziza bụ a obi ọjọọ punitive raids.

First Anglo-Afghan War

Ihe kpatara nke ntiwapụ nke agha na akụkụ nke na British Alaeze Ukwu bụ iziga nke Russia ọchịchị na 1837 Lieutenant Witkiewicz na Kabul. N'ebe ahụ, ọ na-anọ dị ka a bi na ọdịdọ nke ike na Afghan isi obodo nke Gì Muhammad. Ikpeazụ n'oge ahụ na-ama Bole 10 afọ o nēbuso ya ọzọ nke ikwu, Shuja Shah, na-akwado site London. The British weere ozi dị ka ndị Witkiewicz Russia nzube nweta a foothold na Afghanistan, na iso na-tinye India.

Na January 1839 na British agha nke 12,000 agha na 38,000 ọrụ na 30 000 camel, gafere Bolan Pass. April 25 enweghị a agha, ọ jisiri ike were Kandahar, na-awakpo ndị Kabul.

Strong iguzogide British nwere nanị ebe e wusiri ike nke Ghazni, Otú ọ dị, na ọ na-amanye na-atọgbọ. Way to Kabul e meghere, na obodo dara 7 August 1839. N'ocheeze na nkwado nke British eze Emir Shuja Shah na Amir Gì Mohammad gbagara n'ugwu na a obere ìgwè nke ndị agha.

Board British protege adịteghị, dị ka obodo ukwu haziri aghara n'akụkụ nile nke mba malitere ọgụ ndị mwakpo.

Ná mmalite nke 1842 na British na ndị India kwetara na ha na-emeghe a korido site na nke onye nwere ike agbahapụ na India. Otú ọ dị, Jalalabad Afghans wakporo British, na site na 16,000 ikom gbalaga, naanị otu onye.

Ná nzaghachi, ndị punitive njem ndị mmadụ merela, nakwa mgbe suppression nke nsogbu na British banye mkparita uka na Gì Mohammed kwenye ya ịgbahapụ rapprochement na Russia. Mgbe e mesịrị, a udo nkwekorita e banyere.

Nke abụọ Anglo-Afghan War

The ọnọdụ ná mba nọgidere dịtụ mụ ruo 1877 adịghị amalite Russian-Turkish agha. Afghanistan, onye mere eme - ọ bụ ogologo ndepụta agha, ọzọ jidere na-crossfire. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na mgbe London gosiri enweghị afọ ojuju ịga nke ọma nke ndị agha Russia ịkwaga ngwa ngwa ka Istanbul, St. Petersburg kpebiri egwu Indian map. N'ihi nke a, a ozi e zigara Kabul, nke nabatara na ukpono Emir Sher Ali Khan. On ndụmọdụ nke Russian-ekwuchitere mba, nke ikpeazụ ekweghị ka mba ndị British Embassy. Nke a mere ka ntinye nke British agha ke Afghanistan. Ha nwere isi obodo na-amanye ndị ọhụrụ emir Yaqub Khan bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta, dị ka nke ọchịchị ya enweghị nri na-eduzi mba ọzọ amụma na-enweghị mediation nke British Government.

Na 1880, Emir ghọrọ Abdurrahman Khan. O mere mgbalị iji banye agha na ndị agha Russia na Turkestan, ma e meriri na March 1885 ke akpa Kushka ebe. N'ihi ya, London na St. Petersburg ọnụ kọwaa ókè n'ime nke Afghanistan (akụkọ ihe mere eme na narị afọ nke 20 na-dị n'okpuru) ka dị taa.

Independence si British Alaeze Ukwu

Na 1919, ndị dị ka a n'ihi nke igbu ọchụ nke Emir Habibullah Khan na kuu d'etat n'ocheeze owụt Amanullah Khan, bú onye kpọsara na mba onwe ha n'aka Britain, na-ezisa jihad megide ya. Ha e ẹkenịmde ịchịkọta na India kwaga 12000th agha nke ndị agha, na-akwado site otu narị puku ndị agha nke partisans-akwagharị akwagharị.

History of agha Afghanistan, ulo oru site na British iji nọgide na-edu, nakwa dere a akwụkwọ kwuru na mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba oke airstrike. Wakporo site RAF e doro ihe e Kabul. Dị ka a N'ihi nke na ụjọ mere n'etiti ndị bi na isi obodo, na mgbe a di na nwunye nke furu efu agha Amanullah Khan jụrụ banyere ụwa.

Udo nkwekorita e banyere August 1919. Dị ka akwụkwọ a, mba natara nri nke mpụga mmekọahụ, ma e-efunahụ nke kwa afọ British onyinye nke 60,000 pound magburu onwe, nke ruo mgbe 1919 bụ ihe dị ka ọkara nke Afghanistan si emefu ego revenue.

alaeze

Na 1929, Amanullah Khan, onye, mgbe a njem Europe na Soviet Union na-aga ịmalite buu mgbanwe, a chụpụrụ na a na nnupu isi Habibullah Kalakani utu aha Bacha Saqao (nwa mmiri ụgbọelu). Ịgbalị naputa ocheeze nke mbụ emir, kụziri site na Soviet agha, abụghị a ịga nke ọma. Anyị wee uru nke British, onye kwaturu Bacha Saqao ma na-etinye ya na ocheeze Nadir Khan. Na ya echichi malitere na-adịbeghị anya akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afghanistan. Onyeeze na Afghanistan a na-akpọ eze, na Emirate kagburu.

Na 1933, Nadir Khan, bụ onye e gburu a kadet n'oge a Nme na Kabul, dochie n'ocheeze ya nwa-nwoke, Zahir Shah. Ọ bụ a na-eme mgbanwe na e weere otu n'ime ndị kasị oke mmụta na-aga n'ihu Asian eze nke oge ya.

Na 1964, Zahir Shah agbala a iwu ọhụrụ, nke e iji na democratization nke Afghanistan na iwepụ ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị. N'ihi ya, radically ahaziri ụkọchukwu malitere igosipụta enweghị afọ ojuju na-arụsi destabilization nke ọnọdụ ná mba.

The ọchịchị aka ike nke Daud

Dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afghanistan, narị afọ nke 20 (n'agbata 1933 na 1973) bụ n'ihi na ala bụ n'ezie ọlaedo, dị ka mba pụtara ụlọ ọrụ, ezigbo ụzọ, ime nke ugbua usoro agụmakwụkwọ, e tọrọ ntọala University, wuru ụlọ ọgwụ na na. Otú ọ dị, na afọ 40 mgbe ya accession ocheeze, Zahir Shah e wepụ ya na nwa nwanne nna - Prince Mohammed Daoud, kwusara Afghanistan a Republic. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mba aghọwo ihe arena nke see okwu n'etiti dị iche iche na-arọ òtù na-egosipụta na-ebute ọdịmma nke Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Tajiks na Hazaras, na ndị ọzọ na agbụrụ obodo. Ke adianade do, see iri buu Islam agha. Na 1975, ha biliri na nnupụisi ahụ rikpuru Paktia n'ógbè, Badakhshan na Nangarhar. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọchịchị nke akaike Daud na-ike, ma jisiri ebelata.

N'otu oge ahụ chọrọ kwụsị iguzosi ọnọdụ, na ndị nnọchiteanya nke Ndị mmadụ Democratic Party obodo (PDPA). Otú ọ dị, o nwere bukwanu support na Afghanistan Sun

DRA

History of Afghanistan (narị afọ nke 20) enwetela ọzọ mgbanwe na 1978. April 27 e nwere mgbanwe. Mgbe na-abịa na ike, Nur Mohammad Taraki Mohammed Daoud na niile ndị òtù ezinụlọ ya e gburu. Senior management ọnọdụ ndị Hafizullah Amin na Babrak Karmal.

Background banyere Afghanistan a mmachi nkeji nke Soviet agha

The iwu nke ọhụrụ ọchịchị iwepụ backlog nke mba zutere ndị na-eguzogide Islamists, nke bịara ná njedebe na a agha obodo. Na-apụghị ịnagide ọnọdụ, ndị Afghan ọchịchị ugboro ugboro rịọrọ ndị Soviet Politburo na a arịrịọ inye agha enyemaka. Otú ọ dị, Soviet ọchịchị ezere, ka na-atụ anya-ezighị ezi pụta nke ndị dị otú a nzọụkwụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ha steepụ iru ala na Afghan ókè-ala ebe na mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị agha ndị ndụmọdụ na agbata obi na obodo. N'otu oge ahụ mgbe niile rutere KGB ọgụgụ isi na US ifịk ifịk ego mgbochi agha gọọmenti.

The igbu ọchụ nke Taraki

History of Afghanistan (narị afọ nke 20) e dere ozi banyere ọtụtụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ikwa ijide ike. One dị otú ahụ ihe mere na September 1979, mgbe site na iji nke Hafizullah Amin e jidere ma gbuo onye ndú nke PDPA, Taraki. N'okpuru ọhụrụ akaike nke mba mere ka oké ụjọ nke metụrụ na ndị agha, nke na-juru nnupụisi na soja. Ebe ọ bụ na VC ndị bụ isi ihe nkwado nke PDPA, ndị ọchịchị Soviet hụrụ ọnọdụ a a egwu egwu ka ya nkwatu na-abịa ike nke agha na-emegidekwa ndị USSR. Ke adianade do, ọ na-mụtara na Amin nwere nzuzo kọntaktị na American ozi.

Dị ka a N'ihi ya, e kpebiri iji ịwa ya nkwatu na nnọchi nke onye ndú, ihe-eguzosi ike n'ihe na Soviet Union. Isi akwukwo maka nke a ọrụ ghọrọ Babrak Karmal.

History of agha Afghanistan (1979-1989): ọzụzụ

Preparations maka kuu na agbata obi na obodo malitere na December 1979, mgbe a n'ụzọ pụrụ iche deere "Muslim battalion" e deployed Afghanistan. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a nkewa maka otú anya n'ihi na ọtụtụ na-anọgide a omimi. Anyị na-na mara na ọ staffed na GRU nke Central Asia mba, nke na-a maara nke ọma omenala nke ndị dị iche iche bi na Afghanistan, ha asụsụ na ụzọ ndụ.

The mkpebi wakporo e mere ke ufọt ufọt December 1979 na a nzukọ nke Politburo. Ọ bụghị nanị na-akwado Kosygin, n'ihi na nke ọ nwere akwa megidere Brezhnev.

Ọrụ malitere na December 25, 1979, mgbe ókèala ndị Democratic Republic of Afghanistan were 781-nke iche iche ọgụgụ isi battalion 108 MSD. Mgbe ahụ, wee na nyefe na ndị ọzọ na Soviet agha nkeji. Site ufọt ufọt ụbọchị ha na-kpam kpam na-achịkwa Kabul on December 27 na mgbede malitere oké ifufe n'obí Amin. Ọ kere naanị 40 nkeji, na ọ bịara mara mgbe ẹkụre ọtụtụ ná ndị nọ ebe ahụ, gụnyere mba ndú, e gburu.

A nkenke ọgụgụ oge nke ihe na oge site na 1980 ruo 1989

Real akụkọ banyere agha na Afghanistan - a akụkọ banyere heroism nke ndị agha, ndị na-adịghị mgbe ghọtara, n'ihi na onye na ihe na-amanye n'ihe ize ndụ ndụ ha. Brief n'ọgụgụ oge dị ka ndị a:

• March 1980 - April 1985. The omume nke agha, gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu, nakwa dị ka ọrụ na reorganization nke ogba agha nke DRA.
• April 1985 - January 1987. Nkwado maka Afghan Air Force ugbo elu agha, demining nkeji na ogbunigwe, nakwa dị ka onye nọ n'ọrụ iji kwụsị ọkọnọ nke ngwá agha si ná mba ọzọ.
• January 1987 - February 1989. Na-ekere òkè ihe n'ihi iwu nke mba dị ná mma.

Site na mmalite nke 1988 ọ bịara doo anya na ọnụnọ nke ngwá agha Soviet agha na ókèala nke DRA bụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Anyị nwere ike iche na ihe ndị mere na ndọrọ ego si Afghanistan malitere February 8, 1988, mgbe a nzukọ nke Political Bureau welitere ajụjụ nke oke nke ụbọchị maka ọrụ.

Ọ bụ May 15th. Otú ọ dị, ndị ikpeazụ unit ekpe Kabul ca February 4, 1989, na biri na ndọrọ ego nke ala ókè ịgafe February 15, Lieutenant-General Boris Gromov.

Na 90s

Afghanistan, akụkọ ihe mere eme na atụmanya maka udo na mmepe bụ n'ọdịnihu kama na-edochaghị anya na afọ iri gara aga narị afọ nke 20, adara n'ime abis nke a obi ọjọọ agha obodo.

Ná ngwụsị nke February 1989 Peshawar Afghan mmegide hoputara isi nke "Transitional Government of Mujahideen" onye ndú "Alliance of Seven" C Mojaddedi na-amalite na-alụ ọgụ megide Soviet-kụziri ọchịchị.

Na April 1992, ndị mmegide ndị agha weghaara Kabul, na-esote ụbọchị, isi ya na ọnụnọ nke ndị mba ọzọ na-ekwuchitere mba a na-akpọsa President of Islam State of Afghanistan. The mba akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe "nraranye" mere a nkọ n'aka kwupụta radicalism. Otu n'ime ihe mbụ iwu aka site na S. Mojaddedi, kwuru, dị ka null niile iwu ndị na-ekwekọghị Islam.

Na n'otu afọ ahụ ọ nyefeela ike ka nkụzị nke Burhanuddin Rabbani. Mkpebi a emewo ka esemokwu agbụrụ na nke warlords ebibi onye ọ bụla ọzọ. N'oge na-adịghị ikike Rabbani ebelatawo ruo n'ókè na ọchịchị ya akwụsịla na-ebu ihe ọ bụla ọrụ na mba.

Ná ngwụsị nke September 1996, na Taliban weghaara Kabul, jide wepụ President Najibullah na nwanne ya nwoke, bụ ndị na-ezo na ụlọ nke UN ozi, na n'ihu ọha gburu site nghọta na otu n'ime ebe nke Afghan isi obodo.

The islam Emirate of Afghanistan e kwusara a ụbọchị ole na ole, mara ọkwa na e kere eke nke elebara achị Council, esịnede 6 òtù, edu Mullah Omar. Mgbe na-abịa na ike, "na Taliban" ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ Nọsi'ike ọnọdụ na mba. Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide.

N'October 9, 1996, a gbara otu n'ime ndị isi mmegide, Dostum na Rabbani, na nso obodo Mazar-i-Sharif. Ahmad Shah Massoud na Karim Khalili jikọrọ ha. N'ihi ya, e guzobere Council nke Kasị Elu ma gbalịsie ike maka ọgụ na-alụkarị na ndị Taliban. A na-akpọ ìgwè ahụ "Northern Alliance". O jisiri ike guzobere onwe ya n'ebe ugwu nke Afghanistan n'oge 1996-2001. Ala.

Mgbe mwakpo nke ndị agha ụwa

Akụkọ banyere oge Afghanistan nke oge a amalitela mgbe a ma ama ọlụlụ ọgụ nke September 11, 2001. Mba United States ji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji wakpo mba a, na-ekwupụta isi ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya bụ ịkwatu ọchịchị Taliban nke jidere Osama bin Laden. N'elu onwa asaa nke onwa Ogugu, etiti mba Afghanistan bu ihe ndi mmadu mebiri ka ndi agha Taliban mebiri. Na December, ọ kpọkọtara Council of okenye nke Afghan ebo nile, gawa site n'ọdịnihu (ebe 2004) President Hamid Karzai.

N'otu oge ahụ, NATO dechara na-arụ nke Afghanistan, na Taliban kwaga na okpuru agha. Kemgbe oge a ruo taa, mba ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na-aga n'ihu. Ke adianade do, ọ na-atụgharị kwa ụbọchị ghọọ nnukwu osisi maka ịkụpụta poppy opium. Ogbugbu ya ikwu na, dị ka atụmatụ kachasị agbanwe agbanwe, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ bi na mba a bụ ndị na-eri ọgwụ ọjọọ.

N'otu oge ahụ, akụkọ ndị a na-amaghị ama nke Afghanistan, nke a na-enyeghị ya, na-enye ndị Europe ma ọ bụ ndị America nsogbu, gụnyere n'ihi ikpe ndị agha NATO gosipụtara megide ndị nkịtị. Ikekwe nke a bụ n'ihi na agha ebulala onye ọ bụla ọnụ. Nkwupụta nke okwu ndị a bụ mkpebi nke Barack Obama na ịhapụ ndị agha. Otú ọ dị, e mebeghịrị ya, ugbu a, ndị Afghanistan na-enwe olileanya na onyeisi oche ọhụrụ nke United States agaghị agbanwe atụmatụ, mba ahụ ga-emesị hapụ ndị agha mba ọzọ.

Ugbu a, ị maara akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie na nke oge a nke Afghanistan. Taa, mba a na-aga n'oge ọjọọ, ọ na-anọgide na-enwe olileanya na udo ga-emesị bịa n'ala ya.