Analogues nke penicillin. Ọgwụ nje penicillin otu: na-egosi, ntuziaka maka ojiji

Penisilini analogues meghere ohere ọhụrụ ndị dọkịta na ọgwụgwọ nke na-efe efe. Ha bụ ihe na-eguzogide ọgwụ ka enzymes nke bacteria na ike ike na nke afo, nwere ole na ole mmetụta.

About penisilini

Penicillins - ọ bụ ndị kasị ochie a maara ọgwụ nje. Ha ajụjụ maka ọtụtụ ụdị, ma ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere furu efu ha mkpa n'ihi na ndị na-eguzogide. The bacteria na-enwe ike iji imeghari na-adịghị emetụ ihe ndị a ọgwụ ọjọọ. Nke a na-eme ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ike ọhụrụ ụdị ebu, penicillin analogues nwere ọhụrụ Njirimara.

Penicillins nwere ala toxicity aka ahu, na ezi ọtụtụ-eji na a bụ ezi egosi bactericidal mmetụta, ma nfụkasị Jeremaya ha na-ukwuu karịa ndị dọkịta ga-achọ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na organic ọdịdị nke ọgwụ nje. Ọzọ na-adịghị mma àgwà nwekwara ike na-agụnye ihe isi ike na na ijikọta ha na ndị ọzọ ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, karịsịa na yiri klas.

akụkọ

The mbụ kwuru na akwụkwọ nke penicillin ada itie ke 1963, na a akwụkwọ banyere Native American na nkà mmụta ọgwụ mmadụ. Ha ji ngwakọta nke dịkwa ka usoro ha na ọgwụ nzube. N'ihi na oge mbụ na oke mmụta ụwa ha jisiri ike na-Aleksandru Flemingu, ma nke a bụ na nzube, ma site na mberede, dị ka ihe niile nnukwu nchoputa.

Tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na British microbiologists arụ ọrụ na nke nke ulo oru na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na chọrọ quantities. Otu nsogbu na-edozi ke ukem nakwa na United States. Site na nke a mgbe nke penicillin bụ ihe kasị nkịtị ọgwụ. Ma ka oge na-, e kwuru na na synthesized ọzọ ìgwè nke ọgwụ nje, nke na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie anya ya a ikpo okwu. Ke adianade do, microorganisms amalite na-egosi eguzogide ọgwụ, nke mgbagwoju anya ọgwụgwọ nke oké njọ na-efe efe.

Ụkpụrụ nke antibacterial edinam

The nje cell mgbidi mejupụtara na-agụnye a umi na-akpọ peptidoglycan. Penisilini ìgwè nke ọgwụ nje emetụta njikọ nke na protein, inhibiting guzobe nke dị mkpa enzymes. The microorganism anwụ n'ihi na nke enweghị ike imelite cell mgbidi.

Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ bacteria mụta iguzogide a obi ọjọọ mbuso agha. Ha na-emepụta beta-lactamase, nke nbibi nke enzymes na-emetụta peptidoglycan. Ịnagide nke a na-egbochi, ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike penicillin analogues na ike akpaghasị na beta-lactamase, kwa.

Ihe ize ndụ ụmụ mmadụ

Ná mmalite nke oge nke ọgwụ nje, ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eche echiche banyere otú ha na-aghọ na-egbu egbu na-ahụ mmadụ, n'ihi na ọ fọrọ nke nta niile dị ndụ metry mejupụtara na-edozi. Ma mgbe okodu a zuru ezu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọmụmụ hụrụ na peptidoglycan na anyị na ozu e nwere obere, ya mere, ka ọ bụla dị oké njọ nsogbu ọgwụ ike.

The ụdịdị dị iche iche nke edinam

Fọrọ nke nta niile iche iche nke penicillins mee gram-mma bacteria genus Staphylococcus, streptococcus, Corynebacterium diphtheria-otiti nje. Ọzọkwa, na ha ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ọrụ na-agụnye niile gram-adịghị mma microorganisms, gonococci na meningococci, anaerobic mkpara na ọbụna ụfọdụ fungi (e.g., Actinomyces).

Ọkà mmụta sayensị na dịrị ọhụrụ ụdị penicillin, na-agbalị iji gbochie bacteria na-eji na-ha bactericidal Njirimara, ma maka ọgwụgwọ nke nosocomial na-efe efe , nke a nke ọgwụ ọjọọ bụ agaghịkwa kwesịrị ekwesị. Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị mma e ji mara ụdị na eto - bacteria overgrowth, dị ka ụmụ mmadụ eriri afọ na-colonized site bacteria chebaara penicillin. Nke a bụ uru na-echeta mgbe na-ọgwụ.

The isi ụdị (nhazi ọkwa)

Modern ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enye n'oge a penicillins nkewa n'ime anọ dị iche iche:

1. Natural, nke na-synthesized site dịkwa ka usoro ha. Ndị a gụnyere benzilpenitsilliny na ụlọ. Ndị a ọgwụ ọjọọ nwere a warara ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ọrụ, tumadi megide gram-adịghị mma bacteria.
2. Semisynthetic preparations enwe iguzogide penicillinases. Ha na-eji na-emeso a dịgasị iche iche nke pathogens. Representatives methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin.
3. Karboksipenitsilliny (karbpenitsillin).
4. ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe otu na a dịgasị iche iche nke omume:
   - ureidopenitsilliny;
   - amidopenitsilliny.

biosynthetic ụdị

Dị ka ihe atụ kwesịrị iduga ụfọdụ ndị kasị ewu ewu n'oge ọgwụ nke dakọtara na otu. Kasị eleghị anya si ama pennitsilinov ike-atụle "Bitsillin-3" na "5-Bitsillin". Ha chọpụtara a otu nke eke ọgwụ nje na-abụrịrị a ndú na ya, Atiya, bụghị ma pụtara ihe zuru okè forms of antimicrobial ọgwụ ọjọọ.

1. "Ekstentsillin". Ntuziaka maka Iji na-ekwu na ọ bụ a beta-lactam ogwu mgbochi nke ogologo edinam. Egosi ka ha were na-nnukwu rheumatic ọrịa na ọrịa ndị treponema (syphilis, yaws na pint). Dị na ntụ ntụ. "Ekstentsillin" ntụziaka ntuziaka anaghị nwere ike ikwu na Nchikota na-abụghị steroidal mgbochi mkpali ọgwụ ọjọọ (NSAIDs), ebe ọ bụ na o kwere omume asọmpi na mmekọrịta. Nke a nwere ike imetụta ndị nrụpụta ọrụ nke ọgwụgwọ.
2. "Penisilini-Fau" na-ezo aka penicillin otu. Ọ na-eji maka ọgwụgwọ nke na-efe efe nke elu akụkụ okuku ume na tract, akpụkpọ mucous membranes, gonorrhea, syphilis, tetanus. Ọ na-eji dị ka a mgbochi ụfọdụ mgbe ịwa ahụ, ịnọgide na-enwe ngbaghara rheumatism, obere chorea, nje endocarditis.
3. Ọgwụ nje "kịtịkpa" bụ ihe analọg nke bu ụzọ Nkwadebe. Ọ na-abịa n'ụdị mbadamba ma ọ bụ nsogbu dị iche iche. Na-atụ aro jikọtara na NSAIDs na onu gbochie afọ. Na-eji na ọgwụgwọ nke na nwata ọrịa.

semisynthetic ụdị

Otu a ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na-agụnye na ya gbanwetụrụ ọgwụ nje ewepụtara Ebu.

1. The mbụ ila na ndepụta "Amoxicillin". Ntuziaka maka ojiji (na price - banyere otu narị rubles) na-egosi na ọgwụ nwere a iche iche sara mbara nke-arụ ọrụ na-eji na nje na-efe efe nke nta ka ọ bụla ọnọdụ. Ya uru bụ na ọ bụ anụ na acidic na gburugburu ebe obibi nke afo, mgbe absorption n'ime ọbara ịta ka dị elu karịa nke ndị ọzọ so n'ìgwè a. Ma adịghị idealize na "Amoxicillin". Ntuziaka maka ojiji (na price na dị iche iche n'ógbè nwere ike ịdị iche) adọ aka ná ntị na ọgwụ na-ekwesịghị kenyere ka ọrịa na mononucleosis, allergies na ụmụ nwaanyị dị ime. Ogologo oge eji bụ-agaghị ekwe omume n'ihi na a ịrịba ego nke n'akụkụ Jeremaya mere.
2. Oxacillin sodium nnu na-kenyere mgbe bacteria na-emepụta penicillinase. The ọgwụ bụ acid, ọ nwere ike iwere ọnụ, ọ na-ọma etinye obi gị dum na eriri afọ. Ọ na-ngwa ngwa anyụpụ site akụrụ, ya mere ọ dị mkpa ka mgbe niile ịnọgide na-enwe chọrọ ịta ke iyịp. The naanị contraindication - adịghị anabata. Ọ na-emepụta na ụdị mbadamba ma ọ bụ vials dị ka a mmiri mmiri maka ogwu ogbugba.
3. The ikpeazụ nọchitere anya semisynthetic penicillins - bụ ampicillin trihydrate. Ntuziaka maka ojiji (mbadamba) na-egosi na ya nwere obosara ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe, na-emetụta ma gram-adịghị mma na gram-mma bacteria. Na-ọma anabata ndị ọrịa, ma ịkpachara anya e kwesịrị ndị na-edu anticoagulants (eg, ndị mmadụ na-anaghị ekwe nke obi usoro), dị ka ọgwụ potentiates ya edinam.

mgbaze

Penicillins na-ere na pharmacies ka a powder maka ogwu ogbugba. Ya mere, maka igba ogwu n'akwara ma ọ bụ intramuscular ochichi, ha ga-etisasịwo na mmiri mmiri. Na a anụ ụlọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ji mee distilled mmiri ogwu ogbugba, isotonic sodium chloride ngwọta ma ọ bụ novocaine abụọ-percent. Ọ ga-echeta na mgbaze kwesịrị ịbụ kwa-ekpo ọkụ.

Egosi, contraindications na mmetụta

The egosi maka ogwu mgbochi ọgwụgwọ bụ diagnoses: lobar na lobular oyi baa, empyema, sepsis na septicemia, nje endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis. Na ihe ọdịda nje tonsillitis, diphtheria, acha uhie uhie ahụ ọkụ, anthrax, gonorrhea, syphilis, purulent akpụkpọ-efe efe.

Contraindications ọgwụgwọ nke penicillin otu a bit. Firstly, ọnụnọ nke hypersensitivity ọgwụ na-eji ya emepụta. Nke abụọ, na-ehiwe nchoputa nke Akwụkwụ na-adọ, nke-eme ka ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịme ọgwụ n'ime spinal kọlụm. Ma ime na lactation, ke idaha tụrụ anya na uru ga n'ụzọ gafere na o kwere omume dị ize ndụ, n'ihi na placental mgbochi bụ permeable na penicillins. N'oge n'ikuku, nwa na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na nwa oge zigara ụzọ ọzọ nke nri, ebe ọ bụ na ọgwụ ọjọọ na abatakwa mmiri ara ehi.

Mmetụta nwere ike ime na ọtụtụ ọkwa.

CNS mmetụta nwere ike ịbụ ọgbụgbọ, vomiting, ogwe, meningismus, ụfụ na ọbụna amaghị onwe ya. Nfụkasị Jeremaya na-egosipụta dị ka anụ ọnya, fever, nkwonkwo mgbu na ọzịza. E nwere mgbe nke anaphylactic ujo na ọnwụ. N'ihi na o kwere omume bactericidal edinam mmamiri candidiasis na onu na dysbacteriosis.

eji atụmatụ

Anya a ga-enye ndị ọrịa na isi hepatic na gbasara akụrụ ọrụ mgbe arụnyere obi ọdịda. Ọ dịghị mkpa ka nwere ike ikwu na ojiji nke ndị mmadụ na-ewekarị nfụkasị Jeremaya, nakwa dị ka ndị nwere a na-agụsi uche na cephalosporins.

Ọ bụrụ na ụbọchị ise mgbe mmalite nke ọgwụ bụ dịghị mgbanwe ke ọrịa na-arịa na-abịa, mgbe ahụ penisilini analogues ga-eji na-ma-eji dochie ọgwụ nje otu. N'out oge na oru, ihe atụ, na umi "Bitsillin-3", i kwesịrị na-elekọta mgbochi nke fungal superinfection. Iji mee nke a, dee antifungals.

Mkpa nkọwa ịkọwara onye ọrịa na-ewere ọgwụ na-enweghị nkwụsị ruru akpata nweta eguzogide microorganisms. Na imeri ya mkpa ndị ọzọ dị ike ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na-eme ka oké mmetụta.

Penisilini analogues aghọwo oké mkpa na nkà mmụta ọgwụ ọgbara. N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ ihe mbụ na-emeghe otu nke ọgwụ nje, ọ ka na-anọgide mkpa maka ọgwụgwọ nke meningitis, gonorrhea na syphilis, nwere a zuru ezu iche iche sara mbara nke edinam na nwayọọ mmetụta, n'ihi ya, ọ ga-eji na ụmụ. N'ezie, dị ka na ọgwụ ọ bụla, na penicillins nwere contraindications na mmetụta, ma ha na-dechapụ site ohere maka ngwa.