Na ihe afọ na onye chọpụtara elektrọn? Physics, bụ onye chọpụtara elektrọn: aha, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nchoputa na-akpali eziokwu

Arụmụka banyere onye chọpụtara elektrọn, ka na-aga n'ihu n'oge a. Na ọrụ nke a ọsụ ụzọ nke mbụ ahụ, ma e wezụga Dzhozefa Tomsona, ụfọdụ sayensị akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ahụ Hendrik Lorentz na Pieter Zeeman, ndị ọzọ - Emilya Viherta, na ndị ọzọ - Filippa Lenarda. N'ihi ya, onye bụ na ọ na - na ọkà mmụta sayensị na-chọpụtara elektrọn?

Atọm - mere indivisible

Okwu ahụ bụ "atọm" ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị ẹkenam site ọkà ihe ọmụma. Ancient thinker Leucippus ọzọ na V na narị afọ BC. e. M na-atụ aro na onye ọ bụla n'ụwa a na-mere ka nke irighiri ihe. Ya na-amụrụ - Democritus kpọrọ ha atọm. Dị ka ọkà ihe ọmụma, atọm - "ụlọ nkanka" nke eluigwe na ala, indivisible na ebighị ebi. Site elu ha udi na Ọdịdị dabere Njirimara nke bekee atọm eru mmiri - ezigbo metal - na profiled ezé, enye ekweghị ekwe ahu.

The pụtara ìhè Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị M. V. Lomonosov, nchoputa nke atọm-molekụla Ozizi kweere na ihe ndị mejupụtara ihe ndị dị mfe bekee corpuscles (molekul) kpụrụ otu atọm umu, siri - dị iche iche.

Mmiri ọgwụ kụziiri Dzhon Dalton (Man) na 1803, na dabeere na ibuo data na-ewere ọkọlọtọ unit arọ nke hydrogen atọm hụrụ ikwu atọm pụta ụfọdụ ọcha. Atomic Ozizi England bụ nke dị oké mkpa maka n'ihu mmepe nke onwu na physics.

Onye chọpụtara elektrọn?

Site na nmalite nke XX narị afọ ọ na-akwakọba a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ibuo data egosi mgbagwoju anya nke na Ọdịdị nke atọm. Nke a nwere ike na-agụnye photoelectric mmetụta (Hertz, A. Stoletov ke 1887), na oghere nke cathode (J. Plucker, W. Crookes, 1870) na X-ray (X-ray B., 1895) ụzarị, radioactivity (A. Becquerel, 1896).

Ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na cathode ụzarị, kewara abụọ n'ogige: onye na-atụ anya na-efegharị efegharị ọdịdị nke onu, ndị ọzọ na - corpuscular. Ikwusa enweta prọfesọ nke Ecole Normale Supérieure (Lille, France) Zhan Batist Perrin. Na 1895, o gosiworo site experimentation na cathode ụzarị ndị a iyi nke na-ezighị ezi na ebubo ahụ. Ma eleghị anya, Perrin - physics, chọpụtara elektrọn?

On fọrọ nke n'ịrụzu oké ihe

Physics na mgbakọ na mwepụ George Johnstone Stoney (Royal Irish University of Dublin) na 1874 mara ọkwa ọtụtụ ndị chere nke pụrụ iche ọdịdị nke na ọkụ eletrik. Gịnị afọ na site onye elektrọn chọpụtara? N'oge ibuo ọrụ na na-electrolyzed D. Stoney kọwaa kacha nta uru nke electric ụgwọ (ọ bụ ezie na n'ihi nwetara (10 ^-20 cl) bụ 16 ugboro erughị n'ezie). Elementrị electric ụgwọ unit 1891 na Irish Scientist na-akpọ "elektrọn" (Grik "amba").

A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, Gendrik Lorens (Leiden University, The Netherlands) ka chepụtara ndị isi ha kweere nke ya elektrọn ozizi, dị ka nke ndabere nke ihe owuwu nke ihe ọ bụla umi bụ pụrụ iche eletriki ebubo. Ndị a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụle onye ọsụ ụzọ nke urughuru, ma ha n'ọnụ na ihe nnyocha aghọwo a ntọala siri ike maka ọdịnihu oghere nke Thomson.

Resolute enthusiast

On ajụjụ bụ ma, mgbe ndị na-chọpụtara na elektrọn, encyclopedias inye a doro anya na unequivocal azịza - Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson na 1897. N'ihi ya, ihe n'uru nke English physics?

Nna nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu president nke Royal Society bụ a na-ere akwụkwọ na nke nwata kụnyere n'ime nwa-ya a ịhụnanya nke e biri ebi okwu na agụụ maka ọhụrụ ọmụma. Mgbe m gụsịrị Owens College (1903 - Manchester University) na University nke Cambridge na 1880, a na-eto eto mgbakọ na mwepụ Dzhozef Tomson gara ọrụ n'ebe ndị Cavendish Laboratory. Na ọmụmụ kpamkpam captivated-eto eto na ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ọrụ ibe kwuru ya n'enweghị ike ọgwụgwụ nraranye na pụrụ iche ahuhu maka bara uru ọrụ.

Na 1884, na afọ nke afọ 28, Thomson họpụtara director nke laabu, nọchiri Jehova K. Rayleigh. N'okpuru nduzi nke Thomson Laboratory n'elu ọzọ 35 afọ ya ebiliwo ghọọ otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu emmepe nke ụwa physics. N'ihi ya malitere njem ha Rutherford, Bohr, P. Langevin.

Ntị zuru ezu

Ọrụ na-amụ cathode ụzarị Thomson malitere ịlele nwere nke ya ụzọ. N'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị nwere ya e mere pụrụ iche ngwá maka onye nghọta lab director. Mgbe anata nkwenye nke àgwà ahụmahụ, Thomson emeghị ọbụna na-eche na-akwụsị n'ebe ahụ. The isi ebumnuche nke na ọ na-hụrụ na kpọmkwem quantitative mkpebi siri ike nke ọdịdị nke ìhè, ha constituent ahụ.

New tube rụrụ maka ndị na-esonụ nwere bụ na ya mejupụtara, ọ bụghị nanị na-emebu cathode na ngwa ngwa electrodes (n'ụdị nke efere na yiri mgbaaka) na a nupụsịrị voltaji. Ndepụta corpuscles eduzi na ihuenyo ntekwasa na a mkpa oyi akwa nke ihe onwunwe egbuke ahụ n'elu mmetụta. Aga na-atụ anya jikwaa jikọtara ihe nke electric na magnetik n'ubi.

components atọm

Chọpụtara ike isi ike. Ọbụna karị iji chebe ha kweere, nke bụ ihe megidere mma-guzobere echiche ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Ikwere na onwe gị, gị otu na Thomson mere onye chọpụtara elektrọn.

Ahụmahụ nyere pụtara na ya pụta. urughuru uka bụ na puku abụọ. ugboro nta karịa nke hydrogen ion. The ruru nke ụgwọ corpuscles ya adịghị adabere na uka eruba ọnụego, Njirimara nke cathode ihe onwunwe, ọdịdị nke gaseous ajụ nke orùrù emee. Ọgwụgwụ na-emegide niile ntọala: corpuscle - Universal particulate okwu ndị mejupụtara nke atọm. Oge mgbe oge, Thomson ịdị uchu na nlezianya na-enyocha ihe ndị nwere na calculations. Mgbe obi abụọ a hapụrụ, a okwu ihu ọha na ọdịdị nke cathode ụzarị nke Royal Society. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1897, ọ kwụsịrị ịbụ ihe indivisible atọm. Na 1906, Dzhozef Tomson e ọdịda nke Nobel chọr'inwe na Physics.

Unknown Iogann Vihert

Aha nke onye nkụzi Koningsborskogo Geophysics, mgbe ahụ, University of Göttingen, na-eme nchọpụta seismography planet Johann Emilya Viherta, mma mara na ọkachamara okirikiri geologists na ọdịdị mbara ala. Ma ọ bụ maara na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ọ bụ naanị onye na ukara sayensị, tinyere Thomson, onye chọpụtara elektrọn ekweta. Ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-enwe nnọọ kpọmkwem, akwụkwọ na-akọwa nwere na mgbawa Wiechert e bipụtara na January 1897 - ọnwa anọ n'ihu nke England akụkọ. Onye chọpụtara elektrọn - ka mbụk e kpebiri, ma nke bụ eziokwu bụ.

Maka akwụkwọ: na onye ọ bụla nke ọrụ ya, Thomson adịghị eji okwu ahụ bụ "elektrọn". Ọ na-eji aha ahụ bụ "corpuscles".

Onye meghere proton, neutron na elektrọn?

Mgbe ịchọputa mbụ elementrị urughuru ígwè speculated na o kwere omume Ọdịdị nke ahụ atọm. Otu n'ime ihe mbụ ụdị a chọrọ site na Thomson. Atọm, dị ka ya, yiri a mpempe pudding na-vine amiri ami: a ghaghị ebubo ahụ interspersed na-adịghị mma ahụ.

Na 1911, Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand, United Kingdom) tụrụ aro ka mbara nlereanya nke atọm nwere a Ọdịdị. Mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị, ọ na-etinye na-atụ nchepụta nke ịdị adị na ntọala nke atọm ghaghị ebubo ahụ na, ebe ha anatagh ya experimentally, a na-akpọ proton. Ọ na-buru amụma na ịdị adị nke a na-anọpụ iche urughuru na ntọala na ndị proton uka (na neutron chọpụtara na 1932 site na British ọkà mmụta sayensị John. Chadwick). Na 1918, Dzhozef Tomson nye akara n'ụlọ ime nnyocha nke Ernest Rutherford.

Ọ baghị uru ikwu na ọ chọpụtara nke elektrọn kwere a ọhụrụ anya na eletriki, magnetik na ngwa anya Njirimara nke ihe onwunwe. O siri ike overestimate ọrụ nke Thompson na-eso ụzọ ya na mmepe nke atọm na nuclear physics.