Okpomọkụ na-eguzogide alloys. Special steels na alloys. Production na ojiji nke okpomọkụ na-eguzogide alloys

Modern ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ghara chere enweghị a ihe dị ka ígwè. Na ya, anyị na-ezute ihe fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla n'aka. Site iwebata n'ime ya Ọdịdị dị iche iche chemical ọcha nwere ike budata melite n'ibu na arụmọrụ Njirimara.

Gịnị bụ ígwè

Steel akpọ alloy na-emi esịnede carbon na ígwè. Ọzọkwa, dị otú ahụ alloy (foto ewekarị n'okpuru) nwere ike inwe ihe ndị ọzọ adịghị ọcha chemical ọcha.

Ọtụtụ iche bughi na-ekwu. Ọ bụrụ na ndị carbon ọdịnaya bụ n'ime 0,025-0,8%, na data akpọ pro-eutectoid nchara na nwere ha Ọdịdị perlite na ferrite. Ọ bụrụ na hypereutectoid ígwè, ọ bụ omume na-edebe pearlite na cementite adọ. A ikpehe ferrite Ọdịdị bụ nnukwu ductility. Cementite nwekwara a bukwanu ekweghị ekwe. Perlite etolite ma nke gara aga na-adọ. O nwere ike a granular udi (site Nsonye nke mkpụrụ nke ferrite mere ndokwa cementite nke nwere a okirikiri udi) na a efere (ma n'ụzọ nwere ụdị efere). Ọ bụrụ na nchara na-ewe iwe n'elu okpomọkụ na nke polymorphs ime, mgbe ahụ, ihe owuwu mgbanwe austenite. Nke a na-adọ nwere nnukwu ductility. Ọ bụrụ na ndị carbon ọdịnaya karịa 2,14%, dị ihe na alloys na-akpọ ígwè.

ụdị ígwè

Dabere na mejupụtara nke nchara nwere ike carbon nchara na alloy. Carbon ọdịnaya na-erughị 0,25% e ji mara ndị ala-na-carbon ígwè. Ọ bụrụ na ego esịmde 0,55%, mgbe ahụ anyị nwere ike ikwu banyere ndị na-ajụ-alloy. Steel, nke nwere ya mejupụtara karịa 0,6% carbon, a na-akpọ elu-carbon. Ọ bụrụ na nke na-emepụta dị ka a anọ na, nkà na ụzụ na-agụnye iwebata kpọmkwem chemical ọcha, nke a alloy ígwè akpọ. The mmeghe nke ndị dị iche iche mmiri na-budata na-agbanwe agbanwe ya Njirimara. Ọ bụrụ na ha ego bụ ihe na-erughị 4%, ala-alloyed alloy. Srednelegirovannoj na elu-alloy ígwè nwere karị ka 11% na ndị ọzọ karịa 12% adịghị. Dabere na ebe na ubi nke ígwè alloys na-eji, ha igbunye dị otú ahụ na ụdị: instrumental, bughi na pụrụ iche steels na alloys.

n'ichepụta technology

ígwè na-eme usoro bụ nnọọ na-ewe oge. Ọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ nkebi. Mbụ niile, i kwesịrị ngwaọrụ - ígwè ore. The akpa ogbo mejupụtara kpo oku ka a na-okpomọkụ. Mgbe nke a emee oxidative Filiks. Na nzọụkwụ nke abụọ okpomọkụ na-aghọ nnọọ elu. Carbon ọxịdashọn Filiks bụ ndị ọzọ ufiop. Ekwe Omume ọzọ oxygen inwetara nke alloy. Achọghị adịghị na-ewepụ na slag. Nzọụkwụ na-esonụ na-eduzi na mwepụ nke oxygen si ígwè n'ihi na ọ na budata ebelata n'ibu Njirimara. Nke a mgbasa nwere ike rụrụ ma ọ bụ precipitating usoro. Ọ bụrụ na deoxidation usoro adịghị ime, n'ihi ígwè a na-akpọ mmiri ịgbọ agbọ. Jụụ alloy anaghị emit, haruru, oxygen na-wepụrụ kpamkpam. Na n'etiti ndị ọkara gburu ígwè. Production nke alloys ígwè n'akparamagwa n'ekwú, itinye n'ọkwa ite-ọku uku, isi oxygen ọkụ.

alloying ígwè

Iji nweta ụfọdụ Njirimara nke ígwè, ya mejupụtara na-ndinọ pụrụ iche dopants. Isi uru nke onye ahụ dị alloy na-akakwa mma iguzogide dị iche iche deformations, a pụrụ ịdabere na mmiri na ndị ọzọ na bughi òtù-abawanye budata. Quenching ebelata pasent nke cracks na ndị ọzọ na ntụpọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị dị otú ahụ a na usoro nke saturation mee dị iche iche ihe na-enye iguzogide chemical corrosion. Ma e nwere ụfọdụ drawbacks. Ha na-achọ ndị ọzọ nhazi, a elu puru nke omume nke hairline cracks. Ke adianade do, ọ enwekwu ndị na-eri ihe. The kasị alloying ọcha - chromium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum na cobalt. Ha na ubi nke na ngwa bụ nnọọ elu. Nke a engineering, na mmepụta nke nkọwa nke pipelines, ike osisi, ugbo elu na ndị ọzọ.

Echiche nke okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ma na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide

The okwu okpomọkụ na-eguzogide a pụtara ikike nke metal ma ọ bụ alloy ịnọgide na-enwe niile e ji mara ya mgbe na-arụ ọrụ na elu okpomọkụ. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ ọ na-emekarị hụrụ gas corrosion. Ya mere, ihe ga-enweta ndị na-eguzogide ya eme ihe, na bụ na-okpomọkụ na-eguzogide. N'ihi ya, e ji mara alloys na-eji nnukwu okpomọkụ ga-agụnye ma ndị a echiche. Naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ndị dị otú ahụ steels nye chọrọ ọrụ ndụ maka akụkụ, ngwá ọrụ na ndị ọzọ bughi ọcha.

Atụmatụ okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ígwè

N'ọnọdụ ebe okpomọkụ esịmde elu ụkpụrụ, ọ na-achọ na ojiji nke alloys nke agaghị daa ma guzogide deformation. Na nke a, a okpomọkụ na-eguzogide alloys. The ọrụ okpomọkụ dị otú ahụ ihe - n'elu 500 Celsius C. Otu ihe dị mkpa e ji mara yiri ígwè bụ a elu ntachi obi ịgba, plasticity, nke na-nọgidere na-enwe n'ihi na a ogologo oge dị ka nke ọma dị ka ntụrụndụ na-eguzogide. E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmiri ike budata dịkwuo iguzogide okpomọkụ: cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum. Na obligatory akụrụngwa bụ chromium. Ọ dịghị nke ukwuu emetụta ike, ọ enwekwu ndị na-eguzogide ka egbuke gburugburu. Chrome nwekwara egbochi corrosion Filiks. Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa e ji mara nke alloys nke ụdị - a ngwa ngwa creep.

Nhazi ọkwa okpomọkụ eguzogide steels nke ihe owuwu

Okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ma na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide alloys bụ ferritic klas, martensitic, austenitic na a martensitic Ọdịdị feritno. The mbụ na-ekewet nke banyere 30% chromium. Mgbe pụrụ iche ọgwụgwọ na-aghọ ezi ọka Ọdịdị. Ọ bụrụ na kpo oku okpomọkụ karịa 850ºS, ọka na-abawanye, na ndị dị otú ahụ okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ihe ibu kenkuwa. Martensitic akara ule ji a chromium ọdịnaya nke si 4% na 12%. Nickel nwekwara ike adị ugbu a na obere ichekwa, tungsten na ndị ọzọ ọcha. Of ha mepụta akụkụ nke turbines, valves na ụgbọala. Steels nke nwere na ya Ọdịdị a martensite na ferrite, adabara ọrụ na mgbe nile okpomọkụ na ogologo okwu ọrụ. The chromium content esịmde 14%. Austenite na-enwetara site na-ewebata a okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ nickel alloys. Steel na a yiri Ọdịdị nwere ọtụtụ ụdị.

Nickel dabeere alloys

Nickel nwere ọtụtụ uru Njirimara. O nwere mmetụta dị mma n'ebe ndị machinability nke ígwè (ma na-ekpo ọkụ na oyi na-atụ). Ọ bụrụ na ihe ahụ ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ ndị e mere na-arụ ọrụ na aka ike na gburugburu, na doping nke a mmewere budata enwekwu iguzogide corrosion. Okpomọkụ na-eguzogide nickel-isi ihe na-kewapụrụ n'ime ndị na-esonụ iche iche: okpomọkụ na-eguzogide na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ onwe ya. Nke ikpeazụ ga-enwe a kacha nta okpomọkụ na-eguzogide e ji mara. Ịwa okpomọkụ iru 1200 Celsius C. Ọzọkwa ndinọ chromium ma ọ bụ titanium. Characteristically, ígwè alloyed na nickel, nwere a obere ego nke adịghị dị ka barium, magnesium, boron, ya mere, ihe ọka ókè na mesikwuru. Superalloys nke ụdị ndị dị n'ụdị nke esorowo, akpọrepu. Ọ dịkwa ike ekwesị nkọwa. Isi nke ebe ngwa - n'ichepụta ọcha nke gas turbines. Okpomọkụ na-eguzogide nickel-isi alloys nwere a mejupụtara na ruo 30% chromium. Ha ndị pụtara ọma zọ, ịgbado ọkụ. Ke adianade do, egbuke gburugburu eguzogide dị elu. Nke a na-eme ka o kwe omume na-eji ha na gas pipeline usoro.

Okpomọkụ n'iguzogide ígwè, titanium alloy

Titanium na ẹkenam na a obere ego (0.3%). Na nke a na ọ na-enwekwu alloy ike. Ọ bụrụ na ọdịnaya bụ nke ukwu elu, ụfọdụ njọ n'ibu Njirimara (ekweghị ekwe, ike). Ma plasticity nke mmụba. Nke a mmemmem nhazi nke ígwè. Mgbe ndinọ titanium ọnụ na ndị ọzọ mmiri nwere ike budata melite elu-okpomọkụ e ji mara. Ọ bụrụ na e mkpa na-arụ ọrụ na a ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi (karịsịa n'ihe banyere mgbe ndị na-ewu na-agụnye ịgbado ọkụ), na alloying mmewere na ya data na-ekwesị.

cobalt alloys

A nnukwu ego nke cobalt (ruo 80%) na-iji na-emepụta dị otú ahụ ihe dị ka superalloys na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ alloys, ebe ọ na-adịkarịghị eji ya dị ọcha ụdị. Ya ochichi mma ductility nakwa dị ka ndị na-eguzogide n'okpuru okpomọkụ. Na elu ya bụ, na elu ego nke cobalt webatara na alloy. Na ụfọdụ stampụ ya content esịmde 30%. Ọzọ e ji mara atụmatụ nke ndị a steels - mma nke magnetik Njirimara. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na elu na-eri nke cobalt, ya iji bụ kama mmachi.

Mmetụta molybdenum na elu-okpomọkụ alloys

Active chemical mmewere budata emetụta ike nke ihe na okpomọkụ. Karịsịa irè bụ ojiji ọnụ na ndị ọzọ ọcha. Ọ budata enwekwu ndị ekweghị ekwe nke ígwè (ugbua na a ọdịnaya nke 0.3%). Ike ọdụdọ na-enwekwu. Ọzọ akụkụ dị mma nwere superalloys doped molybdenum - a ukwuu ruo n'ókè nke iguzogide oxidative Filiks. Molybdenum eme ka ọka ukpụhọde. Na mwepu bụ ike nke ịgbado ọkụ.

Ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche steels na alloys

Ịrụ ụfọdụ ihe aga-eme na-achọ ihe na nwere ụfọdụ Njirimara. N'ihi ya, anyị nwere ike ikwu banyere ojiji nke pụrụ iche alloys, nke nwere ike ịbụ ma alloyed na carbon. The ikpeazụ set nke chọrọ e ji mara bụ imezu n'ihi na eziokwu na imewe nke alloys na ha nhazi bụ nke pụrụ iche technology. Ọzọ pụrụ iche alloys na steels na-ekewa n'ime bughi na instrumental. Otu n'ime ihe ndị isi nsogbu maka nke a ụdị ihe ndị na-esonụ: iguzogide corrosion na-eyi Filiks, ike na-arụ ọrụ na a ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi, mụbaa, n'ibu e ji mara. Na nke a, Atiya bụ okpomọkụ na-eguzogide nchara na alloys na a elu na-arụ ọrụ okpomọkụ na cryogenic ígwè nwere ike idi ruo -296ºS.

Ngwá Ọrụ ígwè

N'ihi imewe nke ngwaọrụ eji imewe nke pụrụ iche ngwá ọrụ ígwè. N'ihi na eziokwu na-arụ ọrụ ọnọdụ dị iche iche ihe na-ahọrọ n'otu n'otu. Ebe ọ bụ na ngwá na-kama elu chọrọ, na àgwà nke alloys maka ha mmepụta dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị: ha ga-adị free si mpụta adịghị, inclusions nke deoxidation usoro na-ọma rụrụ, na a homogeneous Ọdịdị. N'ihi na atụ ihe ọ dị mkpa ka nwere anụ arụmọrụ ma guzogide eyi. Ekwu okwu nke na-agbawa ngwaọrụ, na ha na-arụ ọrụ na elu okpomọkụ (onu kpo oku emee), mgbe nile esemokwu na deformation. Ya mere, n'ihi na ha na ọ bụ ezigbo mkpa na-isi ekweghị ekwe mgbe ewe iwe. Ọzọ ụdị ngwá ọrụ ígwè - elu na-agba. Ihu ọma, ọ na-alloyed na tungsten. Ekweghị ekwe na-nọgidere na-enwe okpomọkụ nke 600 ° C. E nwekwara anwụ steels. Ha na-e ma na-ekpo ọkụ na oyi na-atụ deformation.

Akporo pụrụ iche nzube alloys

The ụlọ ọrụ na-eji alloys pụrụ iche e ji mara setịpụrụ. N'ihi na nke elu àgwà, ha dị oké mkpa na engineering, ewu, mmanụ ala na ụlọ ọrụ. Okpomọkụ na-eguzogide ma na okpomọkụ na-eguzogide alloys na-eji imewe nke mmiri nke turbines, akụkụ maka ụgbọala. Steels nke nwere a elu anticorrosive atụmatụ, dị oké mkpa n'ihi na mmepụta nke ọjà, carburetors ndudu, diski, iche iche nke chemical ụlọ ọrụ. The rails maka ụgbọ okporo ígwè, na bọket, katapila iga - ndabere maka ihe a nile na-eyi na-eguzogide steels. Na uka mmepụta nke bolts, kposara na yiri ihe na-eji automaton alloys. The iyi ga-zuru ezu na-agbanwe na inogide. Ya mere, ihe ha bụ spring ígwè. Iji mma a quality ọ bụ n'ihu alloyed na chromium, molybdenum. All pụrụ iche alloys na steels na a set nke kpọmkwem àgwà pụrụ belata na-eri nke akụkụ ebe mbụ na-eji ndị na-abụghị ferrous ọla.