Zolotaya Orda - ya ... The ntọhapụ nke Russia si Golden Horde

Ke n'etiti nke Iri na Atọ na narị afọ, Russia agbanweela otu n'ime toughest ule ya mere eme - mbuso agha nke Tatars. Zolotaya Orda - a obodo kwadoro kere site Mongol-Tatars, bụ onye nzube bụ erigbu meriri iche iche. Ma, ọ bụghị mba niile meekly etinye na a arọ yoke. Ntọhapụ nke Russia si Golden Horde ga nnọọ ịbụ na isiokwu nke ọmụmụ anyị.

Nzukọ mbụ

Onye Okike nke Mongol Alaeze Ukwu, Genghis Khan bụ. Great Mongol jisiri dịrị n'otu disparate Tatar ebo n'ime otu dị ike ala. Dị nnọọ a di na nwunye nke iri afọ, ọ ka toro site na a obere obodo ulus na size nke alaeze ukwu ndị dị n'ụwa. O meriri China, na steeti Tanguts, Khorezm na nta agbụrụ na mba. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Genghis Khan bụ a inwe nke agha na meriri, amamiihe mmeri na kasị ukwuu mmeri.

Na 1223 ọchịagha nke Great Khan Sabutai bagatur na Jebe Noyon n'ime nyoputa onyeiro ike ná Black Sea steppes na bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke osimiri Kalka chụlaga Russian-Polovtsian agha. Ma, ebe a mmeri nke Russia na-agunyeghi na Mughal atụmatụ, ha laghachiri n'ụlọ. A ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu mkpọsa e mere ndokwa maka n'afọ ọzọ. Njem nke eluigwe na ala ma nwụrụ na mberede, na-ahapụ ndị kasị ukwuu n'alaeze ukwu na ụwa nke ndị nketa. N'ezie, Khan - oké Mongol.

ibugo onu Batu

Ọtụtụ afọ gafere. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Genghis Khan, ya ukwu nwere mmụọ nsọ ọgbọ. Otu ụmụ ụmụ ya bụ Batu Khan (Batu). Ọ bụ oké warrior ka dakọtara ya illustrious nna nna. Batu bụ Jochi Ulus, aha ya bụ mgbe nna ya, nakwa na e nyere oké njem n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, nke mgbe jisiri Genghis Khan.

Na 1235 na Karakorum e nwere a pan-Mongol Kurultai, na nke e kpebiri iji hazie a mgbasa ozioma uku na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Cihangir, ma ọ bụ isi onyeisi, dị ka nwere ike na-atụ anya, a họpụtara Batu.

Mongol agha na-afọ 1238-1240 ọkụ na mma-agha gabiga n'ala nke rus. Specific isi, bụ ndị nọ na-feuding, okpu dịrị n'otu n'ime otu ike ichughachiazu ndị mwakpo. Ebe meriri Russia, ìgwè ndị Mongol nwere bugara Central Europe, ọkụ na ụzọ ha na obodo nta na obodo nta na Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic na Bulgaria.

Guzobe nke Golden Horde

Mgbe ọnwụ nke Batu ulus Jochi ọ gafere n'aka nwanne ya nwoke Berke. Ọ bụ ya na-na n'ikpeazụ na bụ ezigbo onye okike nke Golden Horde dị ka a na steeti. Ọ tọrọ obodo nke Serai, nke ghọrọ isi obodo nke na-awagharị awagharị alaeze ukwu. Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ na-achị ala, emekọkwa mkpagharị na recalcitrant ebo, anakọtara ụtụ.

Zolotaya Orda - a si ọtụtụ mba ala, na a mepere emepe ngwa nke mmegbu, gụnyere n'ọtụtụ agbụrụ na mba, nke n'otu ndị Mongol ike nke ogwe aka.

Mongol-Tatar yoke

Land nke Golden Horde agbatị si steppes nke oge a na Kazakhstan na Bulgaria, ma rus ozugbo na ya mejupụtara na-adịghị gụnyere. Russian ala e weere nọ n'okpuru na-ekwu na tributary na Horde ike.

N'etiti ọtụtụ Russian isi-ya bu onye họpụtara khans nke Golden Horde uku, inye ya labelụ. Nke a pụtara na ọ bụ nke a isi aghaghị irubere obere kpọmkwem-achị achị. Malite na Ivan Kalita, oké eze bụ fọrọ nke nta mgbe na aka nke Moscow-isi.

Ná mmalite ndị Mongol onwe ha anakọtara ụtụ si meriri Russian ala. Na-achịkọta ihe ụtụ isi a na-akpọ Baskakov, onye bụ isi nke Mongolian nchịkwa ke Russia. O nwere onwe ya agha, site na nke o kwuru na ike nke Golden Horde n'ala ndị o meriri. Baskakov nwere n'okpuru ndi-isi nile, gụnyere ukwuu.

Ọ baskachestva ugboro ndị kacha esiri Russia. Mgbe Mongol were bụghị naanị a arọ ụtụ, ha zọpia akpụkpọ ụkwụ ịnyịnya ha, Russian ala na ndị isi ike gburu ma ọ bụ e n'agha.

End baskachestva

Ma Russian enweghị ebumnuche anabata arbitrariness Mongolian gọvanọ. Ha akpọlite otu nsogbu mgbe ọzọ. The kasị nsogbu mere na 1327 na Tver, nke e gburu site na nwanne Khan Uzbek Chol Khan. Zolotaya Orda na-adịghị echefu echefu, na ndị na-esonụ afọ e zitere a punitive njem megide tverichey. Tver e zuuru, ma nti ihe bụ na, na-ahụ nnupụisi nke ndị Russia, ndị Mongol nlekọta amanye hapụ baskachestva Institute. Site na oge na a ụtụ ahụ Khan anyị na-adịghị na-aga Mongol, na Grand isi. Ya mere, ọ bụ site na ụbọchị a ga-gua mmalite nke usoro a, dị ka ntọhapụ nke Russia site na ike nke Golden Horde.

Velikaya zamyatnya

Ka oge na-aga, ma ugbu a ha khans nke Golden Horde haziri a squabble n'etiti onwe ha. Oge a na akụkọ ihe mere eme na-akpọ Velikaya Zamyatnya. N'oge a, bụ nke malitere na 1359, n'ime afọ 20 nyere ụzọ karịa 25 khans. Ụfọdụ nke na-achị dị nnọọ a ụbọchị ole na ole.

Eziokwu a na-enwe mmetụta n'ihu idem emem nke yoke. Sochirinụ Khans dị nnọọ nwere na-eme ka a shortcut na ike isi, onye, na ekele maka nke a wee na-eziga ụtụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ruo n'ókè dị ka tupu. The ike, dị ka iso, nọgidere na Prince of Moscow.

agha Kulikovo

Ka ọ dịgodị, na ike nke Golden Horde usurped temnik nne, onye na-abụghị site ọbara Genghisides. Moscow Prince Dmitry Ivanovich atụle nke a bụ eziokwu a mere na-akpatre ida Tatar yoke. Ọ jụrụ ụtụ, na-ehota eziokwu na nne m abụghị a ziri ezi Khan, na ejisie Horde site na ha proxies.

Oké iwe na nne ya ezukọ na ndị agha na-aga na-enupụ isi isi. Agha ya gụnyere, e wezụga ahụ n'ezie Tatars, ọzọ Crimea Genoa. Ke adianade do, o kwere nkwa inye aka ka Lithuanian isi Jagiello.

Dmitry-azọpụta oge na ebe ọ maara na mama ya agaghị agbaghara ọdịda, achịkọta onwe agha. Ọ na-esonyere ndị Suzdal na Smolensk isi, kama ụjọ anọdụ Ryazan.

The bụrụkwa agha mere na 1380 na Kulikovo ubi. Tupu agha ahu a ịrịba omume. Dị ka ihe ochie na ubi na egwuregwu kwetara dike nke na-emegide n'akụkụ. Tatars ẹkesiode ama warrior Chelubey, Russian agha na-anọchi anya Relight. The n'obi ekpugheghị-eto eto, dị ka ma dike eduat obi nke onye ọ bụla ọzọ.

N'oge na-adịghị mgbe ndị agha ahụ malitere. The akpịrịkpa na sloped otu, mgbe ahụ, n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, ma ka na-na ọgwụgwụ Prince Dmitry ndibọhọ a amamiihe mmeri, kpamkpam nsochi usoro ndị Mamaia. Na nsọpụrụ nke a mmeri ọ na-akpọ Don.

Tokhtamysh ọbọ

N'oge a dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na mbara ọzara site nke oké Timur Hromtsa budata ike Tokhtamysh Khan, onye bu nke-butere n'aka Genghisides. Ọ bụ ike na-anakọta a nnukwu ezuru agha akpatre rubere ya niile Zolotaya Orda. Century Great zamyatni e dechara.

Tokhtamysh zitere a ozi ala Rọshịa bụ Dmitri na ọ bụ ekele ya maka mmeri o meriri ndị aghụghọ nweta ọchịchị na mama na-atụ anya si Russia dị ka a ziri ezi ụtụ ahụ Khan nke Golden Horde. N'ezie, Moscow-isi, na-arụ ọrụ otú ike wee na mmeri na Kulikovo ubi, ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ na-adịghị ona. On ina nke ụtụ ọ jụrụ.

Ugbu a Tokhtamysh chikọta a nnukwu agha na-ama ya ka Russia. Ebelatawo mgbe Kulikovo agha Russian ala nwere ihe ọ bụla na-emegide a usu. Dmitry Donskoy ama efehe si Moscow. Tokhtamysh malitere nnọchibido nke obodo were ya site aghughọ. Dmitry ihe ọ bụla mee ma ọzọ na-ekweta na-akwụ ụtụ. Anaghịkwa si Golden Horde nwere na-yigharịrị ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, n'agbanyeghị grandiose mmeri na Kulikovo ubi.

N'oge na-adịghị Tokhtamysh mpako nke ha mmeri ruo n'ókè nke na anwa anwa ka agha na ya onye enyemaka Timur. Great Hromets meriri wezuga mpako Khan, ma nke a bụ eziokwu adịghị tọhapụrụ Russian ala ụtụ, dị ka ebe Tokhtamysh wee ọzọ osompi nke Golden Ocheeze.

The idem emem nke Horde

Moscow isi okpu kpamkpam tọgharịa Tatar yoke, ma ọ invariably ebelatawo ruo n'ókè nke na, dị ka Horde onwe ya emebiela. N'ezie, e nwere ihe siri ike maka Russia ugboro, dị ka nọchibidoro Moscow Tatar Emir Edigeya. Ma, ọ na-eme na Russian isi ruo ọtụtụ afọ ike akwụ ụtụ, mgbe khans nke Golden Horde abụghị oge na mgbalị ọ chọrọ.

Zolotaya Orda malitere ịdakpọsị tupu anyị anya. Iberibe ya dabara Crimea, Kazan, Astrakhan na Siberia Khanate. Zolotaya Orda - ọ dịghịzi ndị dị ike ikwu nke terrifies na ọtụtụ ndị na-enyemaka nke ya buru ibu agha, na-achịkọta ha oké ọnụ ụtụ. Site na nnukwu, site na oge ọ na kwụsịrị ịdị adị, n'ihi ya, foduru nke otu ugboro a oké ike na oge a historiography akpọ Big Horde. The ike nke akwụkwọ n'elu Russia, n'otu na-ama nke Moscow ihe gbasara onye isi, ọ e belata ka a akụkọ ifo.

Guzo na Ugra

The ikpeazụ ntọhapụ nke Russia si Golden Horde agakọkarị na-akpọ guzo na Ugra, nke mere na 1480.

N'oge nke ihe omume a rus n'otu usoro ndị isi nke Moscow, ọ na-otu nke kasị dị ike na-ekwu, nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe. Prince Ivan III ndondo kwukwara na ya na-enupụ isi Novgorod nile, na ugbu a akara autocratically achịkwa ofụri n'ókèala. N'ezie, ọ dịwo anya a na a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ọchịchị kwụụrụ onwe, ọ dịghị ụzọ usụhọde ka European eze, ma kpọrọ nọgidere a nọ n'okpuru nke Great Horde.

Otú ọ dị, Ivan III azụ na 1472 kpam kpam kwụsịrị na-akwụ ụgwọ Horde ụzọ ọpụpụ. Na afọ asatọ mgbe e mesịrị Han Ahmat obi ike na, n'echiche nke ya, iji weghachi ikpe ziri ezi ma na-amanye ndị na-enupụ isi isi ụtụ.

Russian na Tatar agha biara izute onye ọ bụla ọzọ. Ha wee si na-abụghị ụlọ akụ nke Ugra River, na-agba nri tinyere ókè nke Horde na Russia. Ọ dịghị onye nke na-emegide ihe emeghị ngwa ngwa cross, n'ihi na ọ na-aghọta na otu na-anwa anwa ime otú ahụ, ga-abụ na a ọzọ ọjọọ ọnọdụ na-abịa agha.

Guzoro n'ebe ihe karịrị otu ọnwa, Russian na Horde agha akpatre kpebiri kpọwaa ụzọ, ma na-adịghị kegide a bụrụkwa agha.

Ọ bụ ihe ikpeazụ na-anwa nke Horde nweta Russia ụtụ ọzọ, n'ihi ya, na 1480 a na-ewere ụbọchị nke nkwatu nke Mongol-Tatar yoke.

Mmeri nke Horde residues

Ma ọ bụ na nke ikpeazụ na peeji nke nke Russian-Tatar interstate mmekọahụ.

N'oge na-adịghị, Crimea Khan Mengli Giray meriri ndị remnants nke Great Horde, mgbe nke na ọ kwụsịrị ịdị adị kpamkpam. Ma, e wezụga Crimea Khanate dị ka ndị na-anọchi nke Golden Horde ndị Kazan, Astrakhan na Siberia. Ugbu a rus malitere imeso ha dị ka a ebutere n'ókèala, ọdịda na ocheeze ya agbakwa.

Otú ọ dị, Ivan IV egwu, we were aha eze oge, kpebiri na ya agaghị na-egwu na Khanate nọ n'okpuru na dị ka a n'ihi nke ọtụtụ ihe ịga nke ọma mkpọsa akpatre weghaara ala a na Russian n'eluigwe.

The naanị onwe ha nọchiri nke Golden Horde nwere nanị Krymskoe Hanstvo. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị na ọ bụ na-aghọta ihe ndị eze nọ n'okpuru nke Ottoman Sultans. Ma Russian Alaeze Ukwu jisiri merie Crimea naanị na Eze Nwanyị Ukwu Catherine II, onye na 1783 chụpụrụ ikpeazụ Khan Shahin Giray.

Ebe ọ bụ na remnants nke Horde e meriri rus mụrụ ozugbo yoke nke Mongol-Tatars.

The results nke see

N'ihi ya, Russia, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ narị afọ-aghaghị ịtachi obi tara Mongol-Tatar yoke, hụrụ na ike na enyemaka nke ndị maara ihe na iwu nke Moscow isi iji tọgharịa asị yoke. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gara na-akpasu iwe na erikpuo niile remnants nke ugboro dike Golden Horde.

The bụrụkwa ebe e debere na XVIII narị afọ, mgbe Russian udo nkwekorita na ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman Krymskoe Hanstvo pụọ.