Egbe ala: ụdị na nso nke ọkụ. Isi nke ogbunigwe shells oge ochie na oge a

Ị maara ihe ụdị agha nkwanye ùgwù na-akpọ "chi nke agha"? N'ezie, ogbunigwe! N'agbanyeghị na mmepe nke agba na n'oge gara aga afọ iri ise, ndị ọrụ nke oge a elu-nkenke gbọmgbọm usoro ndị ka oké elu.

History of development

"Nna" na-ewere dị ka German egbe Schwartz, ma ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme kweere na ya kpọkwara n'okwu a kama echeghi. Ya mere, e kwuru banyere ojiji nke ot ogbunigwe n'ọgbọ agha bụ nke 1354, ma na-edebe ihe ochie na e nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu banyere 1324.

Ọ dịghị ihe mere kwere na ụfọdụ ogbunigwe egbe e ji. Site n'ụzọ na-ekwu okwu, ọtụtụ kwuru nke ndị dị otú ahụ na ngwá agha nwere ike dị na agadi English odide, na ọ bụghị mgbe niile na German isi na isi mmalite. N'ihi ya, a dị ịrịba ama karịsịa na nke a na-nnọọ nke ọma-mara inem "On ọrụ nke Eze", bụ nke e dere na nsọpụrụ nke Edward III.

Na-ede bụ onye nkụzi nke eze, na akwụkwọ e dere na 1326 (oge nke Edward na igbu ọchụ). Ke ederede ọ dịghị nkọwa zuru ezu nke Mbipụta, ya mere nwere ịdabere naanị na a subtext. Ya mere, na otu n'ime ihe atụ ndị ahụ e sere, n'ofè obi abụọ ọ bụla, ọ bụ a n'ezie egbe, nke yiri a nnukwu ite. Na-egosi otú nke si n'ọnụ ndị "ite" na-ewe anya nnukwu ọganihu, ọbọp ke a ígwé ojii nke anwụrụ ọkụ, na anya na-anọchi a naiti, dị nnọọ podzhegshy powder eji a na-ekpo ọkụ mkpara.

mbụ anya

Ma China, nke yiri ka nwere mepụtakwara gunpowder (a ochie alchemists chọpụtara na ọ banyere ugboro atọ, ọ na-erughị), na e nwere ezi ihe mere ha iche na nke mbụ ogbunigwe na niile nwere ike na-enweta ọbụna tupu oge Ndị Kraịst. Nanị tinye, ogbunigwe, dị ka ihe niile-eji égbè agbagbu, N'ezie ọtụtụ ihe tọrọ ẹkekerede.

Na oge nke Charles na Bold , a ngwaọrụ e ji na nnukwu quantities mgbe a nọchibidoro ewusiri ike, mgbidi nke nọworị nnọọ irè usọbọ maka gburugburu.

adịghị ala ala ọnọdụ na-achọghị

Ya mere, gịnị n'oge ochie enweghị mmeri na-enyemaka nke "Chineke nke Agha na" ụwa dum? Ọ bụ ihe dị mfe - mmalite nke narị afọ nke 14 egbe ala. na 18 na. Ha dị iche obere si ọ bụla ọzọ. Ha bụ ndị ntugheriukwu, kwa arọ, enye a nnọọ ogbenye n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Sịkwa mbụ ngwaọrụ-eji na-gbarie mgbidi (ike na-atụ uche!), Nakwa dị ka ihe na-agbapụ nnukwu kasịnụ nke onye iro. N'oge mgbe a na onye iro agha wee na onye ọ bụla ọzọ na yi na ogidi, ọ na-adịghị achọ elu kpọmkwem egbe.

Echefula banyere asọ oyi dị ka gunpowder, nakwa dị ka ya na-ejighị n'aka Njirimara: mgbe Sweden Russian Gunners agha mgbe ụfọdụ nwere ugboro atọ dịkwuo ọnụego nke linkage na isi ntekwasa iro ebe e wusiri ike na dịghị ihe ọzọ ụfọdụ mebiri. N'ezie, na egbe ntụkwasị obi nke a bụ eziokwu na-egosi hoo haa ihe ọjọọ. E nwere ọtụtụ mgbe na ngụkọta oge nke ogbunigwe na n'ume egbe n'ozuzu enweghị oke.

ọzọ na-akpata

N'ikpeazụ, nkà mmụta banyere ígwè. Dị ka ọ dị na locomotives, naanị mepụtara nke inyefe mills na na-omimi nnyocha na ubi nke nkà mmụta banyere ígwè nyere mkpa ihe ọmụma na-emepụta n'ezie pụrụ ịdabere na Kporo. Ihe e kere eke nke ogbunigwe shells maka a ogologo oge nyere ndị agha "monarchical" ùgwù na n'ọgbọ agha.

Echefula caliber ogbunigwe N'afọ ndị ahụ, ha na-gbakọọ ka dabeere na dayameta nke cores ji, na banyere afọ nke ogwe. O we buru eze ịrịba mgbagwoju anya, na n'ihi na ndị agha enweghị ike ịmụta ihe n'ezie n'otu. All a ukwuu na-egbochi mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ.

Main iche nke oge ochie ogbunigwe usoro

Ugbu a, tụlee isi ụdị nke ogbunigwe iberibe, nke na ọtụtụ mgbe n'ezie aka ịgbanwe akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-agbasa mmụba nke agha na ihu ọma nke a otu ala. Erule afọ 1620, e kpebiri na ọdịiche dị ndị na-esonụ ụdị ngwá egwú:

• Caliber egbe 7 na 12 sentimita asatọ.
• Perriere.
• Agụ nkwọ na minions ( "agụ nkwọ").
• Handheld ngwaọrụ si breech Loader.
• Robinety.
• Ogbunigwe na bombards.

Nke a ndepụta egosi naanị "eziokwu" égbè ọzọ ma ọ bụ obere oge a na uche. Ma n'oge ahụ ndị agha bụ dịtụ ọtụtụ ochie nkedo-ígwè egbe. Ndị kasị ahụkarị nnochite anya ya bu kulevriny na polukulevriny. Site na oge, ọ bịara doo anya na ibu egbe ala, nke bu ruo n'ókè dị ukwuu na-ahụkarị na mbụ oge, na-abaghị uru: ndị ziri ezi nke ha na-asọ oyi, na esiwe ihe ize ndụ nke mgbawa bụ nnọọ nnukwu, na oge a chọrọ iji fanye a otutu.

N'izo ọzọ n'oge Peter ndị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị afọ kwuru na nke ọ bụla batrị "unicorns" (umu kulevriny) chọrọ ọtụtụ narị lita nke mmanya. Ya diluted na mmiri dị ka mee ka obi jụrụ overheated si firing gbọmgbọm.

Adịkarịghị zutere otu agadi ogbunigwe egbe na a caliber ukwuu karịa 12 sentimita asatọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe na-eji kulevriny onye isi ntukwasi banyere 16 pound (banyere 7.3 n'arọ). N'okpuru ubi ọnọdụ ndị ezi ọsọ falsconet onye isi ntukwasi naanị 2,5 lbs (ihe dị ka kilogram). Na ugbu a, ka anya na ụdị ogbunigwe iberibe ndị juru n'oge gara aga.

Comparative e ji mara ụfọdụ oge ochie ngwaọrụ

Aha nke egbe	Gbọmgbọm Ogologo (na calibers)	Projectile arọ, kilogram	Est irè égbè anya (na mita)
musket	E nweghị set ọkọlọtọ	0,45	50-75
agụ nkwọ	30	1,36	70-100
Sacra	28	4-5,4	banyere 400
"Asp"	20-25	4-5,4	1000-1067
Standard egbe	17-21	9-45,4	na 1300
Polupushka	E nweghị set ọkọlọtọ	13,6	Ruo 200
Kulevriny (okenye ogbunigwe egbe na a ogologo gbọmgbọm)	33	9-22,7	230-250
"A ọkara" kulevriny	32	5,4-13,6	150-170
serpentine	Ọ dịghị Ozi	24	banyere 300
bastard	Ọ dịghị Ozi	18,6	400-700
Kamnemet		9-45,4	900-1000

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ele nke oma table hu a egbe, adịghị anya. ka aha ya bụ bụghị naanị ntugheriukwu na arọ egbe, nke anyị na-echeta si fim banyere Musketeers, ma a full ogbunigwe egbe na a ogologo barreled obere caliber. Mgbe niile, were a "bullet", erikpu 400 grams bụ nnọọ mfịna!

Ọzọkwa, adịghị anya kamnemetu chee na ndepụta. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na, ka ihe atụ, Turks na n'oge Peter ọbọ eji tube ogbunigwe, gbaa ndụ, wapụta nke nkume. Ha na-ukwuu na-erughị yiri ka inwere site na onye iro ụgbọ mmiri na nri site na, ma mgbe mgbe ka oké njọ mmebi nke ikpeazụ na-akpa volley.

N'ikpeazụ, niile data na-egosi na anyị table - ndika. Ọtụtụ ụdị nke ogbunigwe egbe ga-anọgide ruo mgbe ebighị ebi echefu echefu, na oge ochie akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịghị nnọọ maara e ji mara na aha ndị egbe na e ji na nnukwu quantities mgbe a nọchibidoro obodo na ewusiri ike.

ọhụrụ echepụta

Dị ka anyị kwuru, egbe ala ogbunigwe ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ bụ ngwá agha nke, dị ka o yiri, ruo mgbe ebighị ebi oyi kpọnwụrụ na ya mmepe. Otú ọ dị, ihe ngwa ngwa gbanwere. Dị ka ọtụtụ mgbe, innovations na ihe ndị metụtara agha, echiche bụ na ndị ọrụ nche nke nsoro.

Isi nsogbu nke ot ogbunigwe na mmiri bụ oké ohere constraints, mgbagwoju anya nke na-arụ ọ bụla eduzi. Ịhụ ihe nile a, Mr. Melville na Mr. Gascoigne, onye na-elekọta nke mmepụta nke ya, jisiri ike a magburu onwe egbe na akụkọ ihe mere eme mara taa n'okpuru aha "karonada". Ọ bụghị nwere mkpọ na ya ogwe (maka poolu bindings). Ma, ọ bụ a obere anya, nke ngwa ngwa na-adị mfe ike-etinyere a ígwè mkpara. Ọ ike rapagidesiri kọmpat igwe ogbunigwe.

The egbe tụgharịa si ìhè na-adịghị, mfe aka. Est irè égbè anya-ya nime ya bụ banyere 50 mita. Ke adianade do, ruru ụfọdụ nke ya imewe atụmatụ ohere na-edu projectiles ọkụ na Molotov cocktails. "Karonada" wee na-ewu ewu na Gascoigne anya kpaliri Russia, ebe nkà nka nke mba ọzọ si malite mgbe a na-eche, natara n'usoro nke n'ozuzu na ọnọdụ nke onye nke Catherine ndụmọdụ. Ọ na afọ ndị ahụ, Russian ogbunigwe egbe e mepụtara na-emepụta a siburu-adịghị ahụ anya n'ike.

Modern ogbunigwe usoro

Dị ka anyị kwuru ná mmalite isiokwu a, na ụwa nke oge a ogbunigwe nwere ọtụtụ "anam ụlọ" n'okpuru nduzi nke agba. Ma nke a apụtaghị na ot na rọketi systems nweghị ohere ekpe n'ọgbọ agha. -Emezurịrị! The mepụtara nke nkenke-eduzi akụ ụta na GPS / GLONASS pụrụ iji obi ike na-ekwu na "natives" si anya 12-13 narị afọ ga-anọgide na-na na onye iro ke n'ọnụ mmiri.

Ot na rọketi ogbunigwe: onye bụ mma?

N'adịghị ka omenala gbọmgbọm rọketi salvo usoro echichi fọrọ enyela a gbara ọkpụrụkpụ na-mmepụta. Na nke a, ha dị iche na nke ọ bụla onwe-propelled ma ọ bụ towed egbe, nke na usoro nke na-eweta n'ime firing ọnọdụ chọrọ kacha na ntukwasi-obi kpọgidere na-egwu ala gburugburu na ala, dị ka ma ọ pụrụ ọbụna ikpu ekpu. N'ezie, na ihe ọ bụla mgbanwe dị ngwa nke ọnọdụ bụ nke ajụjụ ụkpụrụ, ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na onwe onye na-propelled ogbunigwe egbe.

Mere usoro bụ ngwa ngwa na mobile, nwere ike ịgbanwe ndị agha ya na ọnọdụ maka a nkeji ole na ole. Onwere, igwe ndị a nwere ike ọkụ ọbụna mgbe ụgbọala, ma izi ezi nke shot na-emetụta merụsịrị. Na mwepu nke ndị dị otú ahụ na usoro - na ha ala ziri ezi. Otu "Hurricane" nwere ike n'ụzọ nkịtị ịkọ a ole na ole square kilomita, na-ebibi fọrọ nke nta ka ihe nile dị ndụ, kama ọ ga-ewe a dum batrị nrụnye na nnọọ ọnụ ala shells. Ndị a ogbunigwe iberibe, photos nke ị ga-ahụ n'isiokwu na, karịsịa n'anya anụ ụlọ mmepe ( "Katyusha").

A howitzer volley na "smart" projectile ike na-ebibi ihe ọ bụla oge a tank na onye na-anwa, mgbe batrị rọketi launchers na nwere ike ịchọ ihe karịrị otu salvo. Ke adianade do, "tonado", "Hurricane", "Grad" na "tonado" na mmalite oge ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a kpuru ìsì agha, dị ka a ígwé ojii nke anwụrụ ọkụ na ọnọdụ kpụrụ ọwọrọiso. Ma na ndị dị otú ahụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na otu projectile nwere ike ịnwe ruo ọtụtụ narị kilogram nke explosives.

Egbe ala ogbunigwe, n'ihi na nke ziri ezi, a pụrụ iji ihe-akọ ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị iro na oge nke ya na ọnọdụ nso ha otu ọnọdụ. Ke adianade do, onwe-propelled ogbunigwe egbe barreled ezi na-ebu counter-batrị ọkụ, na-eme ya n'ihi na ọtụtụ awa. Na salvo ọkụ usoro kama ngwa ngwa awabakwa Kporo na-adịghị eme ka ha ogologo oge.

Site n'ụzọ na-ekwu okwu, ke akpa Chechen mkpọsa eji "Grad", jisiri agha Afghanistan. Eyi Kporo ndidi dị otú ahụ na shells ama mgbe ụfọdụ na-ejighị n'aka ntụziaka. Nke a na-eduga ná a "mkpuchi" ha onwe ha agha.

The kasị mma usoro nke salvo ọkụ

The isi ga-apụghị izere ezere na-abịa ogbunigwe Russia "tonado". Ha gbaa projectiles caliber nke 122 mm na a anya nke 100 kilomita. Na otu salvo nwere ike agbala ruo 40 ebubo, nke na-ekpuchi ebe nke 84 puku square mita. Cruising nweghị ọzọ ma ọ bụ obere - 650 kilomita. Tinyere elu pụrụ ịdabere Chassis na ije ọsọ nke 60 km / h, ọ na-enye ohere nyefee batrị "tonado" na nri, na n'ebe di ntakiri oge.

Nke abụọ bụ irè nke anụ ụlọ MLRS 9K51 "Grad", aha ọjọọ mgbe ihe na South-East nke Ukraine. Caliber - 122 mm, 40 Kporo. Oku ke a anya ruo 21 kilomita, na a otu ngafe nwere ike "aka" na ebe nke 40 square kilomita. Cruising na a ọsọ kacha 85 km / h ihe dị ka 1.5 puku kilomita!

Atọ ebe na-aga HIMARS egbe ala si American emeputa. Mgbọ nwere otu nnukwu caliber nke 227 mm, ma naanị isii duzie ole na ole emebi echiche nke echichi. Gbara nso - ruo 85 kilomita na a oge nwere ike ekpuchi mpaghara 67 square kilomita. Speed nke ije - ruo 85 km / h na a cruising nso nke 600 kilomita. Ọfọn ike n'ala mgbasa Afghanistan.

Na-anọ ọnọdụ bụ Chinese osisi WS-1b. Chinese ghara ịghọ nju: na caliber nke egbe zere bụ 320 mm. Anya, a MRL yiri S-300 na-arụpụtara ke Russia na nwere nanị anọ gbọmgbọm. Operating nso bụ banyere 100 kilomita, egbu ebe - ruo 45 square kilomita. Na a ọsọ kacha a nke oge a ogbunigwe nwere a cruising nso nke dị 600 kilomita.

Ikpeazụ bụ ebe Indian MLRS Pinaka. The imewe - 12 nduzi 122mm shells. Firing nso - ruo 40 km. Na a ọsọ kacha nke 80 km / h ụgbọ ala nwere ike ịga njem ruo 850 kilomita. Otụk ebe - dị ukwuu dị ka 130 square kilomita. The usoro e mepụtara na kpọmkwem òkè nke Russian ọkachamara, oke gosipụtara onwe ya na ọtụtụ Indian-Pakistani esemokwu.

egbe

Nke a ngwá agha dị nnọọ anya n'ebe ha n'oge ochie ụzọ, onye chịrị na Middle Ages ubi. Caliber egbe na-eji na ugbu ọnọdụ, àmà site 100 (mgbochi egbe ala "Rapier") na 155 mm (tr, NATO).

Agwaogwa nke shells ji dị nnọọ mbara: si ọkọlọtọ elu-agbawa agbawa gbaa programmable projectiles na ike see a lekwasịrị na a anya nke 45 kilomita na ihe ziri ezi nke ọtụtụ iri sentimita. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eri nke onye nke gbaa nwere ike ịbụ ruo 55 puku dollar! Na nke a, ndị Soviet ogbunigwe bụ ọtụtụ dị ọnụ ala karịa.

Comparative e ji mara ndị kasị egbe mmepụta ke USSR / Russia na Western ụdị

aha	Country nke mmepụta	Caliber, mm	Egbe arọ n'arọ	Oke nso (dabere na ụdị projectile), km
GHN-45	Belgium	155	8900	30-39
GC 45	Belgium	155	8222	30-39
Bl 5.5 inch (anọghịzi n'ọrụ fọrọ nke nta n'ebe nile)	England	140	5851	16.5
"Zsolt" M-68 / M-71	Israel	155	9500	21
Wa 021 (n'ezie Belgium GC mmepụta oyiri 45)	China	155	9500	30-39
M-46	USSR	130	8450	27
2A36 "Hyacinth-B"	USSR	152	9800	27
"Rapier"	USSR	100	2800	3
Soviet ogbunigwe C-23	USSR	180	21450	30,5
D-20	USSR	152	5700	17-24
"Octopus-B"	Russia	125	6575	12.2
G5	South Africa	155	13500	30

mortars

Modern ngwa agha usoro na-sitere oge ochie bombards na ogbunigwe, nke nwere ike hapụ a bọmbụ (ruo ọtụtụ narị kilogram na ibu) na a anya nke 200-300 mita. Taa budata gbanwere ha imewe, na kacha nso nke ngwa.

Na ọtụtụ ndị agha na ụwa na-alụ ọgụ maka ogbunigwe ozizi weere ha dị ka egbe ala n'ịnyịnya maka firing nsannsan banyere otu kilometa. Ọ na-ekwu irè nke eji nke a agha-mepere emepe na gburugburu ebe obibi na na suppression nke gbasasịa, mobile iro iche iche. Na ndị agha Russia ogbunigwe bụ ọkọlọtọ na ngwá agha, ha na-eji bụla obere bit oké njọ agha ọrụ.

Na n'oge Ukrainian omume abụọ gosiri na ọbụna okenye 88 mm ogbunigwe bụ ihe magburu onwe ngwá ọrụ n'agha okpuru, na iji guzogide ya.

Modern ogbunigwe, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ egbe ala ogbunigwe, na-emepe emepe na ntụziaka nke na-amụba izi ezi nke ọ bụla ogbugba. N'oge okpomọkụ nke afọ gara aga, ama ngwá agha ụlọ ọrụ Bae Systems mbụ gosiri na mba uwa nkenke ngwa agha agba caliber 81 mm, nke a nwalere na otu nke British landfills. Ọ na-akọ na ndị dị otú ahụ munitions ike ga-eji na ike arụmọrụ ke okpomọkụ nso si -46 ka +71 Celsius C. Ke adianade do, e nwere ihe ọmụma banyere ihe zubere mmepụta nke widest nso nke projectiles.

Na-enwe olileanya ndị agha metụtara na mmepe nke elu-nkenke min 120 mm na ụba ike. The ọhụrụ ụdị mepụtara maka US Army (XM395, n'ihi na ihe atụ), na a nso nke ruo 6.1 km nwere a ndiiche nke ọ bụla karịrị mita 10. Ọ na-kọrọ na gbaa-eji Stryker crews nke armored ugbo ala na Iraq na Afghanistan, ebe ọhụrụ mgbọ gosiri na ya kacha mma n'akụkụ.

Ma ndị kasị ekwe ka ụbọchị ndị na mmepe nke eduzi akụ ụta na ifịk homing. N'ihi ya, na anụ ụlọ nnukwu egbe "Nona" nwere ike iji a shei "Kitolov-2", na nke i nwere ike tie nta ka ọ bụla oge a tank bụ na a anya nke itoolu kilomita. Nyere cheapness nke ngwaọrụ, dị ka na-atụ anya mmepe ọdịmma nke ndị agha n'ụwa nile.

N'ihi ya, ogbunigwe na taa bụ ajọ esemokwu na agha. Mgbe niile na-emepe emepe ọhụrụ na ụdị na-ẹdude barreled usoro emepụta ihe na ekwe shells.