Onye chọpụtara penicillin? The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke chọpụtara penicillin

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ajụ ihe ọ bụla gụrụ akwụkwọ mmadụ banyere onye chọpụtara penicillin, azịza nwere ike ịnụ aha Fleming. Ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-ele na Soviet Encyclopedia, bipụtara tupu fifties nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ, na nke a aha na-abụghị n'ebe ahụ. Kama, British microbiologist kwuru na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị na-agwọ mmetụta nke ebu ụzọ dọọrọ uche gaa Russian dọkịta na Polotebnov Manassein. Ọ bụ eziokwu, ndị a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị azụ na 1871 chọpụtara na fungi nke Penicillium glaucum inhibit uto nke ọtụtụ bacteria. Ya mere, onye chọpụtara penicillin, n'ezie?

Fleming

N'ezie, ajụjụ nke onye na otú chọpụtara penicillin, na-achọ ọzọ zuru ezu na-amụ. Tupu Fleming, na ọbụna ndị a Russian dọkịta banyere Njirimara nke penicillin maara Avicenna na Paracelsus. Ma isi ihe umi na-enye ebu na-agwọ ọrịa ndị agha, ha enweghi ike. Ọ bụ nanị microbiologist Hospital St. Mary, na bụ Fleming. A antibacterial mmadụ ọkà mmụta sayensị na-anwale na-emeghe na ya nnyemaaka, na-arịa ọrịa Sinusitis. The maxillary oghere dọkịta me a obere dose of penicillin na ugbua ka awa atọ gafere ọrịa na-arịa mma budata. Ya mere Fleming chọpụtara penicillin, ka kọrọ site na September 13, 1929, na akụkọ ya. Nke a ụbọchị a na-ewere ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke ọgwụ nje, ma malite iji ha mgbe e mesịrị.

research na-aga n'ihu

Onye chọpụtara penicillin, agụ na-ama mara, ma ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na iji ihe n'aka bụ ekwe omume - o nwere na-kpochara. N'oge ọcha usoro, usoro ghọrọ ejighị n'aka, ihe na-efunari ya Njirimara ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụ nanị na 1938, otu ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na Oxford University ya nagideworo a ozi. Alexander Fleming ahụ ụtọ.

Ma, ebe a n'ihu pundits m nwere a ọhụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ: Ebu na-eto dị nnọọ nwayọọ nwayọọ, ya mere, Alexander kpebiri na-agbalị ọzọ nke ya ụdị, meghere na-agafe penitsillaza enzyme - a umi na ike neutralize penicillin emepụta site bacteria.

USA vs England

Otu onye chọpụtara penicillin, enweghị ike na-amalite uka mmepụta nke ọgwụ n'ụlọ. Ma ya inyeaka, Florey na Heatley, 1941 kwagara United States. N'ebe ahụ, ha nwere nkwado na-emesapụ aka ego, ma na-arụ ọrụ bụ nnọọ nkewa.

Ịga nke ọma nke ọhụrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ na-egbu mgbu igbu ka ego nke British. Ha nwara ịzụta technology, ma America jụrụ maka nnukwu nchikota. Na mgbe ahụ na Old World Fleming echeta ya dị ka onye chọpụtara a ọrụ ebube umi. Journalists ọbụna mepụtakwara echiche ụgha nke "moldi Mary" iji gosi na British nanị zuuru ha echiche. Na US A manyere ịkọrọ a nzuzo technology. Sam Fleming natara Nobel Nrite maka ya onyinye na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na nchọpụta nke penicillin, ma o na-atụle ya a-enye ìhè nke sayensị, dị ka "nanị dọọrọ uche gaa onyinye nke okike."

Penisilini na USSR

All usoro ndu Akwụkwọ dee na Alexander Fleming chọpụtara penicillin. Ma ebe ọ bụla anyị na-agụ banyere otú ọgwụ bidoro ibipụta na Soviet Union. N'eziokwu, e nwere a akụkọ mgbe na umi dị mkpa maka ọgwụgwọ nke General Vatutin, ma Stalin amachiele iji esenidụt ọgwụ. Ịmụta mmepụta ozugbo o kwere omume, ọ e kpebiri ịzụta technology. Ọbụna zigara ndị ozi na ndị US Embassy. The America kweere, ma n'oge mkparita uka ugboro atọ kpọlite ndị na-eri na enyocha ha ihe ọmụma nke iri atọ nde dollar.

Site n'ịjụ, ndị Soviet Union mere ihe na British: ulo oru a ọbọgwụ na anụ ụlọ Microbiologist Zinaida Ermoleva emepụta krustozin. A ọgwụ a mma analogue nke penicillin, nke Milton ikeketeorie nledo. Ọ bụ dị ọcha akụkọ ifo, ma ọ n'ezie malitere amị ọgwụ n'ụlọ, Otú ọ dị, àgwà dị njọ. Ya mere, ndị ọchịchị gara atọ: ịzụta nzuzo Ernst Chain (onye nke na-enyere aka Fleming) na malitere na-emepụta a penicillin, ma na America na krustozin rara echefu. Ya mere, dị ka ọ na-enyo, ajụjụ nke onye chọpụtara penicillin na USSR, ọ dịghị azịza.

mmechuihu

The ike nke penicillin, nke a na kpọrọ ihe otú ọgwụ na-enye ìhè nke oge ahụ abụghị ike. Dị ka ọ tụgharịa si, oge, nke na-akpata ọrịa na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ ọgwụ ahụ. Kama na-eche banyere ihe ọzọ na ngwọta, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na malitere dịrị ndị ọzọ ọgwụ nje. Ma duhie ụmụ nje nwere ike ọ bụghị n'oge a.

Ogologo oge gara aga, na WHO mara ọkwa na Fleming dọrọ aka ná ntị banyere oké ojiji nke ọgwụ nje, nke nwere ike ime ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọgwụ ga-enwe ike iji nyere aka na a kama mfe ọrịa, t. Iji. The ụmụ nje na-aba na ọnọdụ na-afụ ụfụ. Na ịchọta ihe ngwọta nsogbu a - ọ bụ ọrụ nke ndị ọzọ ọgbọ nke ndị dibịa. Ọ dịkwa mkpa ka anya ugbu a.